29. A patient with a history of uncontrolled hypertension develops acute renal failure. From a technical pathophysiological perspective, what is the most likely cause of intra-renal acute kidney injury (AKI) in this context?

  • Hypovolemia.
  • Bilateral ureteral obstruction.
  • Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) due to prolonged renal ischemia.
  • Glomerulonephritis.
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