- Direct invasion of gastric cells.
- Production of urease, leading to ammonia formation and gastric mucosal damage, and inflammation.
- Induction of autoimmune reaction.
- Impaired gastric emptying.
61. A patient with chronic gastritis is found to have Helicobacter pylori infection. What is the technical pathophysiological mechanism by which H. pylori contributes to peptic ulcer disease?
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