- Excessive insulin production leading to hypoglycemia.
- Absolute or relative insulin deficiency leading to increased fat metabolism and ketone body formation.
- Excessive fluid intake leading to hyponatremia.
- Increased renal excretion of glucose without ketone production.
A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus develops diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The primary underlying pathophysiological mechanism of DKA is:
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