- Increased blood volume.
- Chronic endothelial injury, inflammation, and vascular remodeling, leading to atherosclerosis and organ ischemia.
- Decreased cardiac output.
- Vasodilation.
Author: ETEA MCQS.COM
No category found.
- Bronchoconstriction.
- Air accumulating in the pleural space, causing lung collapse and impaired ventilation.
- Alveolar inflammation.
- Pulmonary embolism.
- Oral analgesics.
- Lumbar puncture to confirm diagnosis and identify pathogen for targeted medicinal treatment.
- Antihistamines.
- Head CT scan only.
- Increased conjugated bilirubin.
- Increased unconjugated bilirubin due to accelerated red blood cell destruction.
- Liver failure.
- Biliary obstruction.
- Increased renal reabsorption of phosphate.
- Impaired renal excretion of phosphate.
- Decreased phosphate intake.
- Increased parathyroid hormone.
- Superficial inflammation limited to the mucosa.
- Dysregulated immune response to gut microbiota, leading to chronic transmural inflammation.
- Viral infection.
- Ischemic bowel disease.
- Increases heart rate.
- Inhibits Na+/K+-ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium and myocardial contractility (positive inotropy).
- Directly dilates blood vessels.
- Decreases preload.
- It indicates a mild exacerbation.
- It signifies severe airway obstruction and impending respiratory failure.
- It suggests cardiac tamponade.
- It is a normal physiological response.
- Vitamin C deficiency.
- Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency.
- Vitamin B12 deficiency.
- Folic acid deficiency.
- Acute tubular necrosis.
- Glomerulosclerosis (fibrosis and scarring of the glomeruli).
- Renal artery stenosis.
- Kidney stones.
- Increased production of surfactant.
- Chronic hypoxemia leading to pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling.
- Decreased pulmonary blood flow.
- Bronchospasm.
- Increased renal filtration.
- Impaired renal excretion of sodium and water.
- Decreased fluid intake.
- Increased protein intake.
- Appendicitis.
- Anticoagulant-associated gastrointestinal bleeding.
- Diverticulitis.
- Irritable bowel syndrome.
- To delay treatment until full recovery.
- Immediate assessment for eligibility for thrombolytic therapy (tPA) to restore blood flow and minimize brain damage.
- To administer antiplatelet agents only.
- To observe and monitor.
- Autoimmune inflammation.
- Deposition of uric acid crystals in the joint, leading to an inflammatory response.
- Bacterial infection.
- Degeneration of articular cartilage.
- Improved cardiac output.
- Increased myocardial oxygen demand and impaired contractility, leading to progressive worsening of heart failure.
- Decreased preload.
- Enhanced relaxation.
- Oral antibiotics and observation.
- Immediate administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and vasopressors to restore tissue perfusion.
- Oral steroids.
- Oxygen therapy only.
- Reduced renal perfusion.
- Direct damage to kidney tubules.
- Obstruction of urinary outflow from the kidneys.
- Glomerular inflammation.
- Vasodilation.
- Decreased intravascular volume, leading to reduced preload, cardiac output, and tissue perfusion.
- Increased cardiac contractility.
- Increased systemic vascular resistance.
