- Covalent bonds between R-groups.
- Hydrophobic interactions between nonpolar amino acids.
- Hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen and amide hydrogen of the polypeptide backbone.
- Ionic bonds between charged R-groups.
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- Parallel arrangement of polypeptide strands.
- A coiled shape maintained by hydrogen bonds running perpendicular to the helix axis.
- An extended zig-zag conformation.
- A coiled shape maintained by hydrogen bonds running parallel to the helix axis.
- Hydrogen bonds.
- Disulfide bonds.
- Peptide bonds.
- Ionic bonds.
- Three-dimensional folding pattern of a polypeptide chain.
- Specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
- Arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits.
- Localized regions of alpha-helices and beta-sheets.
- Oligopeptides.
- Polypeptides.
- Amino acids.
- Dipeptides.
- Collagen.
- Keratin.
- Hemoglobin.
- Insulin.
- Fully functional enzymes.
- Randomly coiled structures.
- Intermediate products during protein breakdown or modification.
- Involved in genetic information storage.
- Peptide bond.
- Disulfide bridge.
- Prosthetic group.
- Alpha helix.
- Conjugated protein.
- Derived protein.
- Simple protein.
- Fibrous protein.
- Amino acids only.
- Amino acids and a non-protein prosthetic group.
- Sugars and amino acids.
- Fatty acids and glycerol.
- Glucose units.
- Fatty acids.
- Nucleotides.
- Amino acids.
- Polymers are formed by the breakdown of monomers through hydrolysis.
- Monomers are large, complex units that link to form simpler polymers.
- Polymers are long chains formed by the dehydration synthesis (condensation) of many identical or similar monomeric units.
- Monomers are always different for each type of macromolecule, while polymers are structurally similar.
- Solubility in water at all temperatures.
- Ability to form crystalline structures.
- High molecular weight and polymeric nature formed by repeating monomeric units.
- Exclusive presence in living organisms.
- Genetic mutations.
- Sexual reproduction.
- Gene flow.
- Inheritance of acquired characteristics.
- More complex over time, regardless of adaptation.
- Less adapted to their environment.
- Better adapted to their environment over generations.
- Genetically identical.
- Organisms consciously choose to adapt.
- The environment favors certain traits over others.
- All organisms are equally likely to survive.
- Evolution is a random process without direction.
- Lamarckian adaptation.
- Use and disuse.
- Natural selection.
- Genetic mutation.
- Such acquired strength is not genetically encoded in germ cells.
- Blacksmiths do not typically have strong arms.
- Environmental factors have no influence on muscle development.
- All offspring would be born with the same muscle mass.
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