- Confounding by age.
- Selection bias (e.g., recall bias among cases).
- Information bias (e.g., differential reporting).
- Observer bias.
Author: ETEA MCQS.COM
No category found.
- Phase I.
- Phase II.
- Phase III.
- Phase IV.
- 20 cases.
- 20/1,000 = 0.02 or 2%.
- 1,000/20 = 50.
- 20 existing cases.
- Treat the patient and send them home.
- Immediately isolate the patient and notify public health authorities for contact tracing.
- Wait for the disease to spread before notifying authorities.
- Assume it's a common cold.
- Case-control study.
- Cross-sectional study.
- Prospective cohort study.
- Randomized controlled trial.
- Immediately change dietary guidelines based on the study.
- Evaluate the findings against Bradford Hill criteria for causation and consider potential confounding factors.
- Disregard the study if it's not an RCT.
- Assume the association is random.
- Number Needed to Treat (NNT).
- Relative Risk Reduction (RRR).
- Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR).
- Efficacy (or Vaccine Efficacy).
- Crude death rate.
- Infant mortality rate.
- Life expectancy.
- Years of potential life lost.
- Isolate only the symptomatic children.
- Implement immediate vaccination clinics and contact tracing to identify and isolate cases and unvaccinated contacts.
- Close the school indefinitely.
- Rely on natural immunity to control the outbreak.
- Matching.
- Stratification.
- Double-blinding.
- Restriction.
- Lack of blinding.
- Inability to establish temporality (which came first, stress or heart disease).
- Small sample size.
- High cost.
- Incidence.
- Prevalence.
- Case-fatality rate.
- Survival rate.
- Exposure to the chemical triples the risk of the disease.
- Individuals with the disease are three times more likely to have been exposed to the chemical than those without the disease.
- Exposure to the chemical reduces the risk of the disease.
- There is no association.
- Anecdotal evidence.
- Expert opinion.
- Evidence-based medicine.
- Traditional medicine.
- Reverse causation.
- Confounding by a common factor (e.g., hot weather).
- Selection bias.
- Information bias.
- The drug should be immediately withdrawn from the market without further investigation.
- A signal has been detected, prompting further investigation, possibly leading to a black box warning or withdrawal.
- The finding is likely due to chance and can be ignored.
- The drug is still safe for all patients.
- Odds Ratio (OR).
- Prevalence Ratio (PR).
- Relative Risk (RR).
- Attributable Risk (AR).
- Wait for laboratory confirmation from all cases.
- Immediately contact affected individuals to gather information on exposures and potential common sources.
- Issue a general health warning without specific details.
- Focus solely on treating individual patients.
