- Immediately change dietary guidelines based on the study.
- Evaluate the findings against Bradford Hill criteria for causation and consider potential confounding factors.
- Disregard the study if it's not an RCT.
- Assume the association is random.
Category: Epidemoilogy
- Number Needed to Treat (NNT).
- Relative Risk Reduction (RRR).
- Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR).
- Efficacy (or Vaccine Efficacy).
- Crude death rate.
- Infant mortality rate.
- Life expectancy.
- Years of potential life lost.
- Isolate only the symptomatic children.
- Implement immediate vaccination clinics and contact tracing to identify and isolate cases and unvaccinated contacts.
- Close the school indefinitely.
- Rely on natural immunity to control the outbreak.
- Matching.
- Stratification.
- Double-blinding.
- Restriction.
- Lack of blinding.
- Inability to establish temporality (which came first, stress or heart disease).
- Small sample size.
- High cost.
- Incidence.
- Prevalence.
- Case-fatality rate.
- Survival rate.
- Exposure to the chemical triples the risk of the disease.
- Individuals with the disease are three times more likely to have been exposed to the chemical than those without the disease.
- Exposure to the chemical reduces the risk of the disease.
- There is no association.
- Anecdotal evidence.
- Expert opinion.
- Evidence-based medicine.
- Traditional medicine.
- Reverse causation.
- Confounding by a common factor (e.g., hot weather).
- Selection bias.
- Information bias.
- The drug should be immediately withdrawn from the market without further investigation.
- A signal has been detected, prompting further investigation, possibly leading to a black box warning or withdrawal.
- The finding is likely due to chance and can be ignored.
- The drug is still safe for all patients.
- Odds Ratio (OR).
- Prevalence Ratio (PR).
- Relative Risk (RR).
- Attributable Risk (AR).
- Wait for laboratory confirmation from all cases.
- Immediately contact affected individuals to gather information on exposures and potential common sources.
- Issue a general health warning without specific details.
- Focus solely on treating individual patients.
- Confounding.
- Blinding (single or double).
- Selection bias.
- Information bias.
- It is a definitive causal link.
- This is an ecological study, prone to the ecological fallacy, where group-level associations may not apply to individuals.
- The sample size is too small.
- There are too many variables.
- Case-control study.
- Cohort study.
- Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).
- Cross-sectional study.
- 500 cases.
- 100 new cases.
- 100/10,000 = 0.01.
- 500/10,000 = 0.05.
- Passive surveillance.
- Active surveillance.
- Sentinel surveillance.
- Syndromic surveillance.
