- Confounding.
- Blinding (single or double).
- Selection bias.
- Information bias.
Category: BS Nursing
- It is a definitive causal link.
- This is an ecological study, prone to the ecological fallacy, where group-level associations may not apply to individuals.
- The sample size is too small.
- There are too many variables.
- Case-control study.
- Cohort study.
- Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).
- Cross-sectional study.
- 500 cases.
- 100 new cases.
- 100/10,000 = 0.01.
- 500/10,000 = 0.05.
- Passive surveillance.
- Active surveillance.
- Sentinel surveillance.
- Syndromic surveillance.
- Specificity.
- Positive Predictive Value.
- Sensitivity.
- Negative Predictive Value.
- Association proves causation.
- The possibility of confounding or reverse causation, requiring careful interpretation and further research.
- Coffee consumption must be immediately banned.
- The finding is definitive and requires no further study.
- Pre-clinical testing.
- Phase I clinical trials.
- Pharmacovigilance.
- Drug development.
- Cohort study.
- Cross-sectional study.
- Case-control study.
- Randomized controlled trial.
- Start treating all attendees with antibiotics.
- Interview affected individuals to identify common exposures, particularly food items.
- Close down all restaurants in the city.
- Issue a general warning about food safety.
- Individual patient isolation is sufficient.
- The concept of herd immunity and vaccination strategies.
- That the disease will naturally burn out.
- Only treating severe cases will halt spread.
- To establish the safety of the drug in a small group.
- To assess the drug's efficacy and safety against a placebo or standard treatment in a large, diverse patient population.
- To determine the drug's mechanism of action.
- To compare the drug to an alternative therapy already on the market.
- The air filter doubles the risk of lung cancer.
- The air filter halves the risk of lung cancer.
- The air filter has no effect on lung cancer risk.
- The air filter increases the risk of lung cancer by 50%.
- Wait for more data to accumulate.
- Initiate an immediate outbreak investigation to identify the source and mode of transmission.
- Recommend personal protective equipment for all residents.
- Focus on individual patient treatment.
- Maximizing benefits and minimizing harm.
- Respecting participants' autonomy.
- Fair distribution of research benefits and burdens, and equitable selection of participants.
- Being truthful with participants.
- The observed reduction is unlikely to be due to chance.
- The reduction is clinically important.
- The study has perfect internal validity.
- The intervention caused every patient to avoid readmission.
- Questions about lived experiences.
- Questions about the prevalence of a condition.
- Questions about the effectiveness of an intervention.
- Questions about correlations between variables.
- To define the characteristics of eligible participants and those who should not be included.
- To determine the statistical analysis methods.
- To identify potential funding sources.
- To outline the research timeline.
