Passive transport relies on kinetic energy (gradient), while active transport requires metabolic energy (ATP).
Carbohydrate chains are attached to proteins/lipids only on the non-cytosolic side of the membrane.
Cell wall thickness is unrelated to the fluidity of the plasma membrane.
Glycoproteins and glycolipids act as cellular "identity tags" and mediate cell-cell adhesion.
Transmembrane proteins are a subset of integral proteins that traverse both leaflets of the bilayer.
They hypothesized that the lipid bilayer was coated on both sides by globular proteins.
The mosaic aspect describes the heterogeneous arrangement of proteins scattered throughout the phospholipid bilayer.
The hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer prevents the free passage of polar/charged molecules.
The double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids create "kinks" that prevent tight packing, maintaining fluidity at low temperatures.
Cholesterol acts as a temperature buffer, preventing excessive fluidity at high temperatures and excessive rigidity at low temperatures.
The Fluid Mosaic Model dictates that proteins can move laterally within the plane of the lipid bilayer.
Active transport moves solutes against their concentration gradient, which is an endergonic process requiring ATP.
Glycoproteins are proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrate chains, playing key roles in cell-cell recognition.
Robertson used electron microscopy to observe the "railroad track" appearance of membranes, implying three distinct layers.
The hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails make the molecule amphipathic.
Facilitated diffusion uses transmembrane proteins to move molecules that cannot pass through the lipid bilayer directly.
Peripheral proteins are loosely attached to the surface, usually via non-covalent interactions like ionic or hydrogen bonds.
Shorter chains decrease van der Waals interactions, and double bonds create fluidity; this combination results in the highest fluidity.
Glycolipids act as markers for cell identification and adhesion in the extracellular matrix.
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