B.
Thrombosis formation on the ruptured plaque, leading to partial or complete coronary artery occlusion.
✓
C.
Spasm of coronary artery.
✓
D.
Increased myocardial oxygen supply.
✓
A.
Increased platelet count.
✓
B.
Impaired synthesis of clotting factors by the damaged liver.
✓
C.
Increased fibrinolysis.
✓
D.
Decreased red blood cell production.
✓
A.
Oral medications for blood sugar.
✓
B.
Initiation of renal replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplant) to sustain life and manage complications.
✓
C.
Only dietary modifications.
✓
D.
No urgent intervention needed.
✓
B.
Inflammation and autodigestion of the pancreas by activated enzymes.
✓
C.
Gastric acid reflux.
✓
A.
Risk of hypernatremia.
✓
B.
Risk of accidental parathyroid gland removal, leading to hypoparathyroidism and life-threatening hypocalcemia.
✓
C.
Risk of hyperkalemia.
✓
D.
Risk of hypoglycemia.
✓
A.
Increases glucagon secretion.
✓
B.
Mimics incretin hormones, stimulating glucose-dependent insulin release, suppressing glucagon, and slowing gastric emptying.
✓
C.
Increases glucose absorption.
✓
D.
Decreases insulin sensitivity.
✓
B.
DNA damage and mutations in lung cells induced by carcinogens in tobacco smoke.
✓
C.
Autoimmune reaction.
✓
D.
Bacterial infection.
✓
A.
To stimulate glucagon release.
✓
B.
To replace the absolute deficiency of endogenous insulin.
✓
C.
To decrease insulin resistance.
✓
D.
To delay glucose absorption.
✓
A.
To immediately start dialysis.
✓
B.
To identify and urgently relieve the obstruction to urinary outflow (e.g., catheterization, stone removal).
✓
C.
To administer loop diuretics.
✓
D.
To prescribe antibiotics.
✓
A.
Increased potassium intake.
✓
B.
Renal potassium wasting due to increased bicarbonate and volume depletion, and intracellular shift of potassium.
✓
C.
Decreased aldosterone.
✓
D.
Decreased renal excretion.
✓
A.
Increased blood flow to the liver.
✓
B.
Increased resistance to blood flow through the cirrhotic liver.
✓
C.
Decreased cardiac output.
✓
D.
Increased systemic blood pressure.
✓
A.
Localized clot formation.
✓
B.
Widespread activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis, leading to simultaneous thrombosis and bleeding.
✓
C.
Platelet destruction only.
✓
B.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), requiring urgent anticoagulation to prevent pulmonary embolism.
✓
A.
Increases insulin secretion.
✓
B.
Inhibits sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 in the renal tubules, leading to increased glucose excretion in the urine.
✓
C.
Decreases hepatic glucose production.
✓
D.
Increases insulin sensitivity.
✓
A.
Increased bone formation.
✓
B.
Impaired calcium and phosphate homeostasis, leading to bone remodeling abnormalities.
✓
C.
Decreased parathyroid hormone.
✓
D.
Increased Vitamin D activation.
✓
B.
To urgently achieve reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium to limit infarct size and preserve cardiac function.
✓
C.
To prevent infection.
✓
D.
To reduce fluid overload.
✓
A.
Excess catecholamines.
✓
B.
Deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone, leading to volume depletion and vascular collapse.
✓
C.
Increased blood pressure.
✓
A.
Direct kidney damage.
✓
B.
Severe renal vasoconstriction in the setting of advanced liver disease, without primary kidney pathology.
✓
D.
Glomerular inflammation.
✓
B.
Aldosterone deficiency, leading to impaired renal potassium excretion.
✓
C.
Increased potassium intake.
✓
