BIO NMDCAT

Plant Golgi bodies exist as multiple disconnected stacks called dictyosomes distributed throughout the cytoplasm, rather than a single large complex.

The cross-linked network of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix of pectin and hemicellulose provides massive tensile resistance against lysis.

Proteins and lipids are glycosylated in the rough ER lumen and sorted in the Golgi complex before being exported to form the animal glycocalyx.

Pectins are branched, hydrophilic polysaccharides that bind water and calcium ions, creating a flexible, hydrated gel matrix in primary walls.

Microfilaments made of actin interact with myosin motor proteins to generate the mechanical constricting force required for the cleavage furrow.

Chromoplasts contain lipid-soluble carotenoids and develop from chloroplasts or leukoplasts, serving to attract pollinators and seed dispersers.

The rigid plant cell wall serves as a physical barrier that prevents the invagination of the plasma membrane required for endocytosis.

The thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts house the photosystems, electron transport chains, and ATP synthase machinery needed for light harvesting.

Plant cells lack discrete centrioles but possess diffuse, membrane-associated MTOCs that organize the cytoskeletal tracking networks.

Without an external wall to anchor its shape, an animal cell losing water collapses completely, shriveling into a wrinkled, crenated morphology.

The middle lamella is rich in pectin salts (calcium and magnesium pectates), which cross-link to form a sticky, cementing extracellular layer.

Apoptosis is a highly regulated programmed cell death mechanism central to animal development, tissue homeostasis, and defense.

Elaioplasts are specialized, non-pigmented plastids dedicated to storing lipids and essential fatty oils inside plant seeds or leaves.

Water enters the central vacuole, pushing the protoplast against the tough cell wall; this builds turgor pressure, keeping the plant upright.

Higher plant cells completely lack centrioles, utilizing alternative microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) to manage spindle formation during division.

Plasmolysis occurs when an external hypertonic solution draws water out of the central vacuole, causing the internal protoplast to collapse.

Plants store excess photosynthetic carbohydrates as insoluble starch (amylose and amylopectin), while animals store energy as glycogen.

Glycogen, a highly branched glucose polymer, serves as the primary multi-branched energy storage polysaccharide in animal tissues.

Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels crossing the plant cell wall, lining up the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of neighboring cells.