BIO NMDCAT

TMV consists of a single strand of genomic RNA wrapped in a helical coat of capsomere proteins, forming a pure nucleoprotein.

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have the highest protein-to-lipid ratio and act to clear excess cholesterol from the circulatory pathways.

Proteoglycans are mostly carbohydrate by weight (80%–95%), containing long unbranched GAG chains, unlike standard glycoproteins.

HDL participates in reverse cholesterol transport, clearing excess lipids from blood vessels and carrying them back to the hepatic tissue.

Even when bound to basic proteins, the dense phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule provides a strong net negative charge to chromatin.

N-linked glycosylation targets the nitrogen atom on the side chain of an asparagine residue within a specific consensus sequence.

Liver cells require protein synthesis to form VLDLs; blocking this prevents lipid export, causing fats to accumulate internally.

Gangliosides are abundant in nerve cell membranes, where they participate in cell signaling, myelin stability, and synaptogenesis.

The molecule develops dual properties: a hydrophobic domain anchored in the lipid bilayer and a hydrophilic domain exposed to water.

LDL transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues; excess circulating LDL can oxidize and deposit in arterial walls.

Cytochromes are electron-transporting metalloproteins whose iron center alternates between Fe2+ and Fe3+ states to transfer electrons.

Ribosomes are functional structural complexes consisting of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and specific ribosomal proteins working together.

Mucus contains mucins, which are heavily glycosylated glycoproteins that trap pathogens and protect delicate mucosal surfaces.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) contain a lipid A anchor component covalently bound to a core oligosaccharide and an O-antigen chain.

Hydroxyl groups on sugar residues form hydrogen bonds with surrounding water molecules, rendering the region highly hydrophilic.

The glycocalyx acts as a cellular fingerprint; individual combinations of sugar chains allow immune cells to distinguish self from non-self.

Human ABO blood group determinants are defined by the structural variations of carbohydrate chains on surface glycolipids and glycoproteins.

Mannose-6-phosphate serves as a specific molecular sorting signal that targets newly synthesized hydrolytic enzymes to the lysosomes.

Galactolipids and cerebrosides, which are types of glycolipids, are heavily concentrated in the nervous system's myelin sheath.