A.
Participants behaving differently because they know they are being watched.
✓
B.
The researcher's expectations or preconceived notions unintentionally influencing the observation or interpretation of data.
✓
C.
The loss of participants from a study.
✓
D.
Errors in statistical calculation.
✓
A.
The ability to generalize findings to other settings.
✓
B.
The consistency of the findings over time and across researchers.
✓
C.
The accuracy of the interpretations.
✓
D.
The relevance of the study to clinical practice.
✓
A.
Patient-reported pain scores
✓
B.
Different dosages of pain medication
✓
C.
Post-market surveillance and drug safety profiles
✓
D.
Data analysis complexity
✓
A.
A peer-reviewed journal article from 5 years ago.
✓
B.
A textbook chapter from 10 years ago.
✓
C.
A clinical practice guideline based on recent systematic reviews.
✓
D.
An anecdotal report from a colleague.
✓
A.
Errors in data analysis.
✓
B.
A systematic difference between the participants selected for a study and the target population, or between treatment groups.
✓
C.
A researcher's personal opinion.
✓
D.
The difficulty in recruiting participants.
✓
A.
To do good and maximize benefits.
✓
B.
To do no harm or minimize harm.
✓
C.
To treat all participants fairly.
✓
D.
To respect participants' autonomy.
✓
A.
Participant recruitment
✓
B.
Intervention fidelity
✓
C.
Anonymity and confidentiality
✓
A.
To allow researchers to manipulate variables freely.
✓
B.
To minimize the influence of extraneous variables and isolate the effect of the independent variable.
✓
C.
To ensure participant satisfaction.
✓
D.
To speed up the research process.
✓
A.
Relying on anecdotal evidence
✓
B.
Implementing intuition
✓
C.
Adhering to tradition
✓
D.
Practicing evidence-based medicine
✓
A.
A variable that is deliberately manipulated by the researcher.
✓
B.
A variable that is measured as the outcome.
✓
C.
An unmeasured variable that affects both the independent and dependent variables, potentially distorting the true relationship.
✓
D.
A variable that is held constant.
✓
A.
The intervention has no effect.
✓
B.
The intervention is associated with 2.5 times higher odds of the outcome compared to the control.
✓
C.
The intervention is associated with 2.5 times lower odds of the outcome.
✓
D.
The sample size was too small.
✓
A.
To collect all possible data.
✓
B.
To select a subset of a population to represent the larger group, making research feasible.
✓
C.
To ensure every individual participates.
✓
D.
To increase the cost of research.
✓
A.
Repeating a study with the same participants.
✓
B.
Conducting a new study to confirm the findings of a previous study using similar methods.
✓
C.
Publishing the same study in multiple journals.
✓
D.
Analyzing data multiple times.
✓
A.
Randomized controlled trial
✓
