A.
To lower blood pressure slowly over days.
✓
B.
To reduce blood pressure promptly but carefully to prevent end-organ damage.
✓
C.
To administer oral diuretics only.
✓
D.
To observe without intervention.
✓
A.
Decreased calcium absorption.
✓
B.
Excess cortisol leading to increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation.
✓
C.
Vitamin D deficiency.
✓
D.
Increased estrogen levels.
✓
A.
Diastolic dysfunction.
✓
B.
Impaired systolic function and reduced cardiac output.
✓
D.
Normal cardiac function.
✓
A.
Inflammation of the pancreas.
✓
B.
Erosion of the gastric or duodenal mucosa by acid and pepsin.
✓
A.
To increase blood viscosity.
✓
B.
To maintain tissue oxygen delivery despite reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
✓
C.
To decrease cardiac workload.
✓
D.
To increase red blood cell production.
✓
A.
Increased plasma oncotic pressure.
✓
B.
Increased systemic venous pressure due to right ventricular failure, or fluid retention secondary to left-sided failure.
✓
C.
Decreased capillary permeability.
✓
D.
Decreased hydrostatic pressure.
✓
A.
Increased Vitamin D production.
✓
B.
Impaired phosphate excretion, leading to hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and secondary hyperparathyroidism.
✓
C.
Increased calcium absorption.
✓
D.
Decreased parathyroid hormone.
✓
A.
Bronchoconstriction.
✓
B.
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema due to increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability.
✓
C.
Alveolar destruction.
✓
A.
To prescribe oral antibiotics.
✓
B.
Immediate high-dose corticosteroids to prevent permanent vision loss.
✓
C.
To observe and monitor symptoms.
✓
D.
To perform immediate surgery.
✓
A.
Thromboembolic event.
✓
B.
Rupture of a cerebral blood vessel (often due to weakened walls from chronic hypertension).
✓
D.
Global cerebral ischemia.
✓
C.
Distributive (vasodilatory) shock.
✓
A.
Oral antibiotics and observation.
✓
B.
Surgical appendectomy to prevent perforation and peritonitis.
✓
D.
Pain medication only.
✓
B.
Underlying lung cancer obstructing the airway.
✓
B.
Aldosterone antagonist, reducing sodium and water retention and potassium loss.
✓
A.
Autoimmune inflammation of the heart valves.
✓
B.
Bacterial colonization and vegetation formation on damaged heart valves.
✓
C.
Degeneration of heart valve tissue.
✓
D.
Increased pressure in the heart chambers.
✓
B.
Increased production or decreased excretion of metabolic acids.
✓
C.
Overproduction of CO2?.
✓
D.
Excessive loss of chloride.
✓
A.
Pancreatic inflammation.
✓
B.
Gallstone obstruction of the cystic duct, leading to inflammation of the gallbladder.
✓
A.
Loss of muscle strength.
✓
B.
Damage to upper motor neurons, leading to increased muscle tone and hyperreflexia.
✓
C.
Peripheral nerve damage.
✓
B.
Compression of the lung by fluid in the pleural space, limiting lung expansion.
✓
C.
Alveolar inflammation.
✓
