direct and indirect narrations

'Have seen' -> 'had seen'. Pronoun 'my' -> 'her'.

'Might' does not backshift. 'Today' -> 'that day'.

Scientific facts do not backshift.

Past Continuous backshifts to Past Perfect Continuous.

'Can' changes to 'could'. 'This' changes to 'that'.

Pronoun 'us' -> 'them'.

Imperative command/advice uses 'advised' + infinitive.

Exclamatory adjective + 'very'.

'Have never been' backshifts to 'had never been'. 'Here' changes to 'there'.

Present Perfect Continuous backshifts to Past Perfect Continuous.

Exclamatory sentences become assertive. 'A' becomes 'a very' for emphasis.

Imperative command/request + infinitive.

Optative sentences expressing a wish/prayer use 'might' + base verb.

'Can' -> 'could', 'now' -> 'then'. Yes/No question requires 'if' or 'whether'.

'Have finished' -> 'had finished', 'now' -> 'then'.

Proverbs/Universal truths remain in present tense.

Past Continuous backshifts to Past Perfect Continuous. 'Last night' -> 'the previous night'.

'WH' questions keep the interrogative word. Structure becomes assertive.

Reporting verb is in past, so backshift to past perfect is required. Pronoun 'I' changes to 'he'.