B.
Cross-sectional study.
✓
C.
Prospective cohort study (observational).
✓
D.
Randomized controlled trial (RCT).
✓
B.
Effect modification.
✓
C.
Positive Predictive Value (PPV).
✓
D.
Negative Predictive Value (NPV).
✓
A.
Advise patients to stop all medications.
✓
B.
Immediately investigate the cluster, potentially identifying a specific drug, batch, or interaction, and report to pharmacovigilance authorities.
✓
C.
Dismiss it as unrelated events.
✓
D.
Blame patient non-adherence.
✓
C.
Communicable period.
✓
C.
Pharmacoepidemiology.
✓
A.
The finding is highly important for public health.
✓
B.
Statistical significance does not always equate to clinical or public health significance.
✓
C.
The study was biased.
✓
D.
The sample size was too small.
✓
A.
Resistance patterns.
✓
B.
Local epidemiology of pathogens and their susceptibility.
✓
C.
Only individual patient symptoms.
✓
D.
The cost of the antibiotic.
✓
A.
Treat the patient and send them home.
✓
B.
Immediately initiate isolation, multi-drug therapy, and rigorous contact tracing to prevent widespread transmission.
✓
C.
Wait for the disease to spread to other family members.
✓
D.
Only treat the patient's symptoms.
✓
C.
Crude mortality rate.
✓
A.
Only efficacy matters.
✓
B.
The balance between benefits and harms, and informed consent for patients.
✓
C.
Adverse events are always acceptable.
✓
D.
Only the cost of the drug matters.
✓
B.
Information bias (e.g., misclassification due to self-report).
✓
A.
Identifying enough cases.
✓
B.
Long follow-up periods and potential loss to follow-up.
✓
C.
Controlling for confounding.
✓
D.
High cost of collecting exposure data.
✓
A.
Assume it is seasonal variation.
✓
B.
Initiate an investigation to determine if it is an emerging infectious disease or environmental cause.
✓
C.
Advise general public to get flu shot.
✓
D.
Only notify hospitals individually.
✓
C.
Positive Predictive Value.
✓
D.
Negative Predictive Value.
✓
A.
A successful drug launch.
✓
B.
A regulatory failure.
✓
C.
A successful pharmacovigilance system detecting a significant safety signal.
✓
D.
A minor inconvenience for patients.
✓
A.
Many false negative results.
✓
B.
Few false positive results, reducing unnecessary follow-up.
✓
C.
Unreliable diagnosis.
✓
D.
No need for confirmatory tests.
✓
