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Pathophysiology

141 questions found

Practice Questions

A patient with a genetic predisposition develops cancer. Oncogenes are genes that:

A. Suppress tumor growth.
B. Repair DNA damage.
C. Promote cell growth and proliferation.
D. Cause cell death.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with heart failure has increased levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). BNP is released in response to:

A. Decreased fluid volume.
B. Ventricular stretching and volume overload.
C. Hypoxia.
D. Inflammation.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient is diagnosed with a Type III hypersensitivity reaction. This reaction is characterized by:

A. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation.
B. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
C. Formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissues, causing inflammation.
D. Delayed T-cell mediated response.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with systemic infection develops acute inflammation. The cardinal signs of acute inflammation include:

A. Pallor, numbness, decreased temperature.
B. Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function.
C. Jaundice, itching, weight loss.
D. Cyanosis, dyspnea, confusion.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a history of gastric ulcers develops severe abdominal pain after taking NSAIDs. The NSAIDs contribute to ulcer formation by:

A. Increasing gastric mucus production.
B. Inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, which reduces gastric mucosal protection.
C. Stimulating gastric acid secretion.
D. Enhancing gastric blood flow.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) develops a pulmonary embolism (PE). The most common pathophysiological pathway for a PE is:

A. Arterial spasm in the lungs.
B. A clot dislodges from a peripheral vein and travels to the pulmonary circulation.
C. Inhaled foreign body.
D. Direct lung infection.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a chronic autoimmune disease develops secondary immunodeficiency. This means their immune system is compromised due to:

A. A genetic defect present at birth.
B. Another underlying disease or treatment.
C. Exposure to a specific allergen.
D. Excessive production of antibodies.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with severe burns develops rhabdomyolysis. This involves:

A. Fat necrosis.
B. Liquefactive necrosis.
C. Muscle tissue breakdown and release of myoglobin.
D. Coagulative necrosis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

The process of wound healing by “primary intention” involves:

A. A large wound with tissue loss that heals by granulation.
B. A wound with minimal tissue loss and edges that are approximated.
C. A wound that is left open and then closed later.
D. The formation of a large scar.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with asthma has chronic inflammation of the airways, leading to airway remodeling. This involves:

A. Permanent destruction of alveolar walls.
B. Fibrosis, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and increased mucus glands in the bronchi.
C. Reversible airway constriction only.
D. Decreased collagen deposition.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with acute exacerbation of ulcerative colitis (UC) develops severe bloody diarrhea. The primary pathological characteristic of UC is:

A. Patchy, transmural inflammation.
B. Continuous inflammation limited to the colon, primarily affecting the mucosa and submucosa.
C. Involvement of the entire GI tract.
D. Skip lesions.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with severe vomiting and diarrhea develops hypochloremia. This contributes to the development of which acid-base imbalance?

A. Metabolic acidosis.
B. Metabolic alkalosis.
C. Respiratory acidosis.
D. Respiratory alkalosis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient experiences hypovolemic shock. The body’s initial compensatory mechanism involves:

A. Vasodilation to increase blood flow.
B. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
C. Decreased heart rate.
D. Increased urine output.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections develops chronic pyelonephritis. This primarily involves:

A. Inflammation of the bladder only.
B. Chronic inflammation of the kidney parenchyma and renal pelvis.
C. Glomerular inflammation.
D. Formation of kidney stones.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a genetic mutation develops cystic fibrosis. The primary defect in cystic fibrosis involves:

A. Impaired hemoglobin synthesis.
B. Abnormal chloride transport across cell membranes.
C. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells.
D. Defective muscle protein.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe infection develops leukocytosis. This refers to an increase in the number of:

A. Red blood cells.
B. Platelets.
C. White blood cells.
D. Plasma proteins.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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