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Pathophysiology

141 questions found

Practice Questions

A patient with chronic heart failure has a reduced ejection fraction. This indicates:

A. The heart pumps blood efficiently.
B. The heart's pumping ability is decreased.
C. The heart valves are narrowed.
D. The patient is experiencing fluid volume deficit.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a long history of smoking develops chronic bronchitis, a form of COPD. The primary pathological change in chronic bronchitis is:

A. Alveolar wall destruction.
B. Airway inflammation, mucus gland hyperplasia, and excessive mucus production.
C. Reversible bronchospasm.
D. Decreased peripheral airway resistance.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe burn develops an infection. The burn wound healing process is often complicated by which type of intention?

A. Primary intention.
B. Secondary intention.
C. Tertiary intention.
D. First intention.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient experiences edema due to decreased plasma albumin levels. This is caused by:

A. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure.
C. Increased lymphatic drainage.
D. Increased arterial blood flow.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe infection develops acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The primary pathological feature of ARDS is:

A. Bronchospasm.
B. Massive pulmonary edema and severe hypoxemia due to capillary-alveolar membrane damage.
C. Chronic airway inflammation.
D. Alveolar wall destruction.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with iron deficiency anemia has impaired oxygen-carrying capacity due to a deficiency in:

A. White blood cells.
B. Hemoglobin synthesis.
C. Platelet production.
D. Plasma volume.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops a keloid scar after surgery. This is an example of dysfunctional wound healing characterized by:

A. Normal scar formation.
B. Excessive collagen formation, extending beyond the original wound boundaries.
C. Incomplete wound closure.
D. Decreased tensile strength.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with chronic stress experiences prolonged activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to increased cortisol levels. This can result in:

A. Enhanced immune function.
B. Decreased blood glucose levels.
C. Impaired immune function and increased risk of infection.
D. Improved sleep patterns.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experiences joint inflammation and destruction. RA is an autoimmune disease characterized by:

A. Autoantibodies attacking the neuromuscular junction.
B. Systemic inflammation mediated by immune complexes and T-cells, primarily affecting synovial joints.
C. Destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
D. Increased red blood cell destruction.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops a thrombus in a coronary artery, leading to myocardial infarction. This is a common consequence of atherosclerosis, which involves:

A. Arterial vasodilation.
B. Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup.
C. Venous inflammation.
D. Increased arterial elasticity.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with asthma experiences an acute exacerbation. The primary pathophysiological changes in the airways during an asthma attack include:

A. Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and decreased mucus production.
B. Bronchospasm, airway inflammation, and increased mucus production.
C. Destruction of alveolar walls.
D. Fluid accumulation in the pleural space.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe burn injury develops massive edema in the affected area. This is primarily due to:

A. Increased intravascular protein synthesis.
B. Decreased capillary permeability.
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased capillary permeability.
D. Decreased lymphatic drainage.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with acute pancreatitis develops severe abdominal pain. The pain is primarily caused by:

A. Gallstone obstruction only.
B. Autodigestion of pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes.
C. Increased insulin secretion.
D. Liver inflammation.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a genetic disorder has two copies of the abnormal gene on non-sex chromosomes to manifest the disease. This inheritance pattern is:

A. Autosomal dominant.
B. Autosomal recessive.
C. X-linked dominant.
D. X-linked recessive.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with severe sepsis develops disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The key pathophysiological feature of DIC is:

A. Excessive clot formation leading to widespread microvascular thrombosis and consumption of clotting factors, followed by bleeding.
B. Only excessive bleeding with no clot formation.
C. Increased production of platelets.
D. Decreased fibrinolysis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) experiences a sudden decline in renal function. The prerenal cause of AKI is characterized by:

A. Direct damage to kidney tubules.
B. Obstruction of urine outflow.
C. Decreased blood flow to the kidneys.
D. Glomerular inflammation.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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