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10. A clinical guideline recommends screening for a specific cancer. What epidemiological measure is critical for evaluating the effectiveness of this screening test in identifying true cases among those with the disease?
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12. In a population of 10,000, there are 500 existing cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on January 1st, and 100 new cases are diagnosed during the year. What is the technical point prevalence of COPD on January 1st?
