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12. In a population of 10,000, there are 500 existing cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on January 1st, and 100 new cases are diagnosed during the year. What is the technical point prevalence of COPD on January 1st?
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14. An epidemiologist observes that communities with higher consumption of red meat also have higher rates of colorectal cancer. What is the critical limitation of drawing causal conclusions from this technical study type?