CLINICAL CASE SCENARIO 2: Mrs. Ali, a 35-year-old woman, is newly diagnosed with anxiety and panic attacks. She is fearful and withdrawn. Nurse Sameena spends time with her each day, not rushing the conversation, and encourages Mrs. Ali to describe her feelings and fears. Together, they identify the specific situations that trigger her anxiety. Nurse Sameena is primarily using the principles of which theorist?

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CLINICAL CASE SCENARIO 1: Mr. Khan, a 68-year-old retired teacher in Quetta, is admitted with pneumonia. He is weak, has a poor appetite, and his room is dark and poorly ventilated. His family brings him oily, spicy food from home, which he barely eats. The nurse ensures his room is clean and well-lit, opens the window for fresh air, and provides him with simple, warm soup and bread. The nurse's actions are a direct application of which theory?