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nmdcat.online July 28, 2026

Regarding the control of muscle tissue, which of the following scenarios best demonstrates an integrated neuroendocrine response involving involuntary muscle?

A. Shivering to generate heat in a cold environment
B. The release of epinephrine causing bronchodilation and increased heart rate
✓
C. Consciously holding one's breath while swimming underwater
D. The reflex withdrawal of a hand from a hot stove

📝 Explanation

The release of the hormone epinephrine from the adrenal medulla (endocrine response) acting synergistically with the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate (cardiac muscle) and dilate airways (smooth muscle) is a classic involuntary neuroendocrine integration.

📖 Additional Information

  • Shivering to generate heat in a cold environment
  • The release of epinephrine causing bronchodilation and increased heart rate
  • Consciously holding one's breath while swimming underwater
  • The reflex withdrawal of a hand from a hot stove

The release of the hormone epinephrine from the adrenal medulla (endocrine response) acting synergistically with the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate (cardiac muscle) and dilate airways (smooth muscle) is a classic involuntary neuroendocrine integration.

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