Practice Questions

A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develops metabolic acidosis. The primary pathophysiological cause is:

A. Increased bicarbonate reabsorption.
B. Impaired excretion of acid and decreased bicarbonate reabsorption by the kidneys.
C. Increased carbonic acid levels.
D. Hyperventilation.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with heart failure has increased levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). BNP is released in response to:

A. Decreased fluid volume.
B. Ventricular stretching and volume overload.
C. Hypoxia.
D. Inflammation.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a genetic predisposition develops cancer. Oncogenes are genes that:

A. Suppress tumor growth.
B. Repair DNA damage.
C. Promote cell growth and proliferation.
D. Cause cell death.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with severe vomiting and diarrhea develops hypochloremia. This contributes to the development of which acid-base imbalance?

A. Metabolic acidosis.
B. Metabolic alkalosis.
C. Respiratory acidosis.
D. Respiratory alkalosis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with acute exacerbation of ulcerative colitis (UC) develops severe bloody diarrhea. The primary pathological characteristic of UC is:

A. Patchy, transmural inflammation.
B. Continuous inflammation limited to the colon, primarily affecting the mucosa and submucosa.
C. Involvement of the entire GI tract.
D. Skip lesions.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with asthma has chronic inflammation of the airways, leading to airway remodeling. This involves:

A. Permanent destruction of alveolar walls.
B. Fibrosis, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and increased mucus glands in the bronchi.
C. Reversible airway constriction only.
D. Decreased collagen deposition.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

The process of wound healing by “primary intention” involves:

A. A large wound with tissue loss that heals by granulation.
B. A wound with minimal tissue loss and edges that are approximated.
C. A wound that is left open and then closed later.
D. The formation of a large scar.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with severe burns develops rhabdomyolysis. This involves:

A. Fat necrosis.
B. Liquefactive necrosis.
C. Muscle tissue breakdown and release of myoglobin.
D. Coagulative necrosis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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