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Practice Questions

104. A study finds an association between a new medication and an adverse event, but it’s discovered that patients taking the medication were also more likely to have a pre-existing condition that causes the adverse event. What critical issue is this?

A. Reverse causation.
B. Information bias.
C. Confounding. ✓
D. Selection bias.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

103. A new drug shows promising results in Phase II trials. What medicinal epidemiological aspect involves scaling up the trial to a larger population to confirm efficacy and monitor for less common side effects?

A. Pre-clinical studies.
B. Phase I.
C. Phase III. ✓
D. Phase IV.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

102. What technical term describes the proportion of individuals exposed to a risk factor who develop the disease, among those who were exposed?

A. Attributable Risk.
B. Absolute Risk.
C. Relative Risk.
D. Cumulative Incidence. ✓
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

101. An unusual cluster of rare cancers is reported in a specific industrial town. What is the urgent epidemiological response?

A. Dismiss it as random chance.
B. Conduct an environmental epidemiology investigation to identify potential occupational or environmental exposures. ✓
C. Blame the local hospital for misdiagnosis.
D. Issue a general warning about cancer.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

100. A clinical laboratory develops a new diagnostic test for a disease. What epidemiological measure quantifies the test’s ability to correctly identify individuals who do not have the disease among those who test negative?

A. Sensitivity.
B. Specificity.
C. Positive Predictive Value.
D. Negative Predictive Value (NPV). ✓
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

99. An epidemiological study aims to assess the prevalence of a health condition in a large, diverse population. However, the sampling method systematically excludes certain demographic groups. What critical type of bias might this introduce?

A. Information bias.
B. Confounding.
C. Selection bias. ✓
D. Observer bias.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

98. After a drug is approved, its manufacturer performs studies to compare its effectiveness in routine clinical practice with other available treatments. What medicinal research type is this?

A. Efficacy trial.
B. Effectiveness (or pragmatic) trial (Phase IV). ✓
C. Pre-clinical research.
D. Phase I trial.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

97. What technical term describes a disease that occurs at an unexpectedly high rate in a localized region or population?

A. Endemic.
B. Pandemic.
C. Epidemic. ✓
D. Sporadic.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

96. A report indicates a sharp increase in overdose deaths in a specific urban neighborhood. What is the urgent epidemiological action?

A. Increase law enforcement presence in the neighborhood.
B. Conduct a rapid epidemiological investigation to identify the substances involved, common sources, and affected demographics. ✓
C. Blame the individuals for drug use.
D. Wait for the number of deaths to stabilize.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

95. A clinical research study evaluates a new treatment for a rare disease. To maximize statistical power with a limited number of cases, what technical study design would be most efficient?

A. Cohort study.
B. Cross-sectional study.
C. Case-control study. ✓
D. Randomized controlled trial.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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