Practice Questions

99. A patient with acute onset of severe, crushing chest pain, diaphoresis, and shortness of breath is in the emergency room. ECG shows ST-segment elevation. What is the critical urgency for medicinal intervention?

A. Administering oral antibiotics.
B. Immediate reperfusion therapy (fibrinolysis or PCI) for acute myocardial infarction.
C. Administering pain medication only.
D. Encouraging rest.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

98. A patient with hyperkalemia from acute kidney injury is administered insulin with glucose. From a medicinal perspective, what is the technical pathophysiological mechanism of this intervention?

A. Increases potassium excretion.
B. Drives potassium intracellularly.
C. Blocks potassium channels.
D. Promotes potassium reabsorption.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

97. A patient with diabetes develops proliferative retinopathy. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism?

A. Inflammation of the retina.
B. Neovascularization (new blood vessel growth) due to chronic ischemia and hypoxia.
C. Detachment of the retina.
D. Increased intraocular pressure.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

96. A patient with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) progresses to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). What is the technical underlying pathophysiological mechanism of MODS?

A. Localized inflammation.
B. Uncontrolled systemic inflammation leading to widespread endothelial injury, organ dysfunction, and failure.
C. Hypovolemia.
D. Nutritional deficiency.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

95. A patient with a history of heavy smoking develops recurrent pneumonia in the same lung segment. What is the critical clinical concern in this scenario?

A. Fungal infection.
B. Underlying lung cancer obstructing the airway.
C. Autoimmune disease.
D. Chronic bronchitis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

93. A patient with a sudden onset of vision loss, severe headache, and pain on chewing, along with an elevated ESR, is suspected of having giant cell arteritis. What is the critical urgency for medicinal intervention?

A. To prescribe oral antibiotics.
B. Immediate high-dose corticosteroids to prevent permanent vision loss.
C. To observe and monitor symptoms.
D. To perform immediate surgery.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

92. A patient with a history of chronic kidney disease on dialysis develops bone pain and fractures. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism causing renal osteodystrophy?

A. Increased Vitamin D production.
B. Impaired phosphate excretion, leading to hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and secondary hyperparathyroidism.
C. Increased calcium absorption.
D. Decreased parathyroid hormone.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

91. A patient with left-sided heart failure develops peripheral edema. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism causing the peripheral edema?

A. Increased plasma oncotic pressure.
B. Increased systemic venous pressure due to right ventricular failure, or fluid retention secondary to left-sided failure.
C. Decreased capillary permeability.
D. Decreased hydrostatic pressure.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

90. A patient with severe asthma exacerbation presents with profound dyspnea, wheezing, and use of accessory muscles. What is the urgent clinical medicinal intervention required?

A. Oral steroids.
B. Immediate administration of inhaled short-acting beta-agonists and systemic corticosteroids.
C. Oral antibiotics.
D. Nasal decongestants.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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