By measuring the surface area of extracted lipids, they determined it was twice the surface area of the RBC.
The phospholipid bilayer provides the fundamental hydrophobic barrier essential for cellular compartmentalization.
The two hydrocarbon chains (fatty acids) are non-polar and hydrophobic.
Facilitated diffusion requires either channel or carrier proteins to assist polar molecules.
Passive transport relies on kinetic energy (gradient), while active transport requires metabolic energy (ATP).
Carbohydrate chains are attached to proteins/lipids only on the non-cytosolic side of the membrane.
Cell wall thickness is unrelated to the fluidity of the plasma membrane.
Glycoproteins and glycolipids act as cellular "identity tags" and mediate cell-cell adhesion.
Transmembrane proteins are a subset of integral proteins that traverse both leaflets of the bilayer.
They hypothesized that the lipid bilayer was coated on both sides by globular proteins.
The mosaic aspect describes the heterogeneous arrangement of proteins scattered throughout the phospholipid bilayer.
The hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer prevents the free passage of polar/charged molecules.
The double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids create "kinks" that prevent tight packing, maintaining fluidity at low temperatures.
Cholesterol acts as a temperature buffer, preventing excessive fluidity at high temperatures and excessive rigidity at low temperatures.
The Fluid Mosaic Model dictates that proteins can move laterally within the plane of the lipid bilayer.
Active transport moves solutes against their concentration gradient, which is an endergonic process requiring ATP.
Glycoproteins are proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrate chains, playing key roles in cell-cell recognition.
Robertson used electron microscopy to observe the "railroad track" appearance of membranes, implying three distinct layers.
The hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails make the molecule amphipathic.
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