cataphoric and anaphoric reference

This is the fundamental distinction between the two types of reference and is frequently tested in NMDCAT and ETEA English sections.

She refers back to Amina, making it an anaphoric reference. The other options are not people who can perform the action.

He refers back to Ahmed, so it is an anaphoric reference.

She appears before Nadia, so the pronoun refers forward, making it cataphoric.

He appears before the noun Imran, making it a forward reference.

They refers back to the findings, an example of anaphoric reference.

He comes before Hassan, creating a cataphoric reference.

The pronoun appears before its noun, so it is a cataphoric reference.

They refers forward to the researchers.

They refers back to the children.

This summarizes the previous action rather than referring to a single noun.

He appears before Ahmed, so it is a correct cataphoric reference.

Assignments is plural, so the correct pronoun should be them, not it.

He could refer to either Ali or Bilal, making the sentence unclear.

This refers back to the new education policy, making it an anaphoric reference.

Them refers forward to the maps, so it is cataphoric.

It is a dummy subject referring forward to the clause that the lecture has been postponed.

He appears before its referent the chairman.

The extraposed form uses dummy it, followed by the infinitive clause.