B.
Effectiveness (or pragmatic) trial (Phase IV).
✓
C.
Pre-clinical research.
✓
C.
Positive Predictive Value.
✓
D.
Negative Predictive Value (NPV).
✓
A.
Dismiss it as random chance.
✓
B.
Conduct an environmental epidemiology investigation to identify potential occupational or environmental exposures.
✓
C.
Blame the local hospital for misdiagnosis.
✓
D.
Issue a general warning about cancer.
✓
D.
Cumulative Incidence.
✓
A.
Pre-clinical studies.
✓
A.
To increase the cost of the study.
✓
B.
To control for the placebo effect and natural history of the disease.
✓
C.
To make the study longer.
✓
D.
To identify only severe side effects.
✓
A.
Advise people to avoid public buildings.
✓
B.
Immediately shut down and decontaminate the implicated cooling tower, and identify individuals who visited the building.
✓
C.
Wait for the outbreak to subside naturally.
✓
D.
Only treat the severe cases.
✓
A.
Advise parents to keep children home for a week.
✓
B.
Notify public health authorities immediately, facilitate stool sample collection, and reinforce hand hygiene protocols.
✓
C.
Only treat the children who are severely ill.
✓
D.
Blame the daycare for poor sanitation without investigation.
✓
C.
Basic Reproductive Number (R0?).
✓
B.
Recall bias (a type of information bias).
✓
B.
Cross-sectional study.
✓
D.
Randomized controlled trial.
✓
A.
Disease prevalence in the population.
✓
A.
Immediately close the operating rooms indefinitely.
✓
B.
Initiate an infection control investigation, implement enhanced hygiene protocols, and identify common exposures among affected patients.
✓
C.
Inform only the patients who developed infections.
✓
D.
Blame individual surgeons for poor technique.
✓
C.
Vaccine Efficacy (or Vaccine Effectiveness in real-world).
✓
