B.
Cross-sectional study.
✓
D.
Randomized controlled trial.
✓
B.
Strength of association.
✓
C.
Positive Predictive Value (PPV).
✓
D.
Negative Predictive Value (NPV).
✓
A.
Treat the child and send them back to school.
✓
B.
Isolate the child, notify public health, and initiate immediate contact tracing and prophylactic treatment/vaccination for contacts.
✓
C.
Wait for other cases to appear before acting.
✓
D.
Only treat the child's symptoms.
✓
A.
The drug is definitely ineffective.
✓
B.
The study lacked sufficient power to detect a true effect, or the drug truly has no significant effect.
✓
C.
The drug is safe and effective.
✓
D.
The placebo effect was too strong.
✓
A.
Strength of association.
✓
D.
Dose-response relationship.
✓
C.
Positive Predictive Value.
✓
D.
Negative Predictive Value.
✓
A.
Issue a general health warning about kidney disease.
✓
B.
Conduct a rapid field investigation to identify common exposures, geographical distribution, and patient characteristics.
✓
C.
Wait for more cases to appear.
✓
D.
Assume it's a genetic predisposition.
✓
D.
Phase IV (Post-marketing surveillance).
✓
B.
They cannot establish individual-level associations due to the ecological fallacy.
✓
C.
They are always biased.
✓
D.
They only measure incidence.
✓
A.
Increasing the sample size.
✓
B.
Randomization (if experimental) or matching in observational studies.
✓
C.
Using a different outcome measure.
✓
D.
Ignoring age altogether.
✓
A.
Cohort study (following all attendees for symptoms).
✓
B.
Case-control study (comparing food exposures among ill and well attendees).
✓
C.
Cross-sectional study.
✓
B.
Pre-symptomatic stage.
✓
B.
Number Needed to Treat (NNT).
✓
C.
Relative Risk Reduction (RRR).
✓
D.
Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR).
✓
A.
Anecdotal reports from patients.
✓
B.
Robust evidence of efficacy and safety from Phase III clinical trials.
✓
C.
Only pre-clinical animal studies.
✓
D.
Opinions from key opinion leaders.
✓
B.
Information bias (e.g., recall bias).
✓
