B.
Statistical significance.
✓
A.
Advise people to avoid all social gatherings.
✓
B.
Conduct immediate interviews to identify common food items consumed and onset times to pinpoint the source.
✓
C.
Wait for all affected individuals to seek medical care.
✓
D.
Focus on environmental sanitation of the church premises.
✓
C.
Number Needed to Treat (NNT).
✓
D.
Attributable Risk (AR).
✓
B.
Difficulty in obtaining reliable historical exposure data.
✓
D.
Ethical concerns about randomization.
✓
A.
Treating the individual patient is the only concern.
✓
B.
Immediate notification of public health authorities to investigate the source and prevent further cases.
✓
C.
Waiting for lab confirmation before any action.
✓
D.
Discharging the patient with antibiotics.
✓
A.
Long-term safety and effectiveness in a large population.
✓
B.
Preliminary efficacy, dosage range, and short-term side effects in a small number of patients with the target condition.
✓
C.
Safety in healthy volunteers.
✓
D.
Post-marketing surveillance.
✓
A.
The result is highly precise.
✓
B.
The result is statistically significant, but the effect estimate is imprecise and less reliable.
✓
C.
The study was poorly designed.
✓
D.
There is no association.
✓
C.
Positive Predictive Value.
✓
D.
Negative Predictive Value.
✓
A.
Close the hospital immediately.
✓
B.
Implement infection control measures, isolate suspected cases, and initiate contact tracing within the hospital.
✓
C.
Wait for the cluster to spread to the general population.
✓
D.
Treat all healthcare workers prophylactically.
✓
B.
20/1,000 = 0.02 or 2%.
✓
B.
Selection bias (e.g., recall bias among cases).
✓
C.
Information bias (e.g., differential reporting).
✓
B.
Pre-clinical research.
✓
A.
Isolate only the symptomatic children.
✓
B.
Implement immediate vaccination clinics and contact tracing to identify and isolate cases and unvaccinated contacts.
✓
C.
Close the school indefinitely.
✓
D.
Rely on natural immunity to control the outbreak.
✓
B.
Infant mortality rate.
✓
D.
Years of potential life lost.
✓
