A.
Number Needed to Treat (NNT).
✓
B.
Relative Risk Reduction (RRR).
✓
C.
Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR).
✓
D.
Efficacy (or Vaccine Efficacy).
✓
A.
Immediately change dietary guidelines based on the study.
✓
B.
Evaluate the findings against Bradford Hill criteria for causation and consider potential confounding factors.
✓
C.
Disregard the study if it's not an RCT.
✓
D.
Assume the association is random.
✓
B.
Cross-sectional study.
✓
C.
Prospective cohort study.
✓
D.
Randomized controlled trial.
✓
A.
Treat the patient and send them home.
✓
B.
Immediately isolate the patient and notify public health authorities for contact tracing.
✓
C.
Wait for the disease to spread before notifying authorities.
✓
D.
Assume it's a common cold.
✓
A.
Wait for laboratory confirmation from all cases.
✓
B.
Immediately contact affected individuals to gather information on exposures and potential common sources.
✓
C.
Issue a general health warning without specific details.
✓
D.
Focus solely on treating individual patients.
✓
B.
Prevalence Ratio (PR).
✓
D.
Attributable Risk (AR).
✓
A.
The drug should be immediately withdrawn from the market without further investigation.
✓
B.
A signal has been detected, prompting further investigation, possibly leading to a black box warning or withdrawal.
✓
C.
The finding is likely due to chance and can be ignored.
✓
D.
The drug is still safe for all patients.
✓
B.
Confounding by a common factor (e.g., hot weather).
✓
C.
Evidence-based medicine.
✓
D.
Traditional medicine.
✓
A.
Exposure to the chemical triples the risk of the disease.
✓
B.
Individuals with the disease are three times more likely to have been exposed to the chemical than those without the disease.
✓
C.
Exposure to the chemical reduces the risk of the disease.
✓
D.
There is no association.
✓
B.
Inability to establish temporality (which came first, stress or heart disease).
✓
A.
Passive surveillance.
✓
B.
Active surveillance.
✓
C.
Sentinel surveillance.
✓
D.
Syndromic surveillance.
✓
C.
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).
✓
D.
Cross-sectional study.
✓
A.
It is a definitive causal link.
✓
B.
This is an ecological study, prone to the ecological fallacy, where group-level associations may not apply to individuals.
✓
C.
The sample size is too small.
✓
D.
There are too many variables.
✓
B.
Blinding (single or double).
✓
