MCQs

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Practice Questions

A patient experiences severe vomiting and diarrhea. The nurse anticipates the development of which acid-base imbalance?

A. Respiratory acidosis.
B. Metabolic acidosis.
C. Respiratory alkalosis.
D. Metabolic alkalosis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

In the process of carcinogenesis, “initiation” refers to:

A. The rapid proliferation of genetically altered cells.
B. The irreversible genetic alteration of a cell by a carcinogen.
C. The spread of cancer cells to distant sites.
D. The formation of a visible tumor.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops a tumor that is encapsulated, well-differentiated, and does not metastasize. This describes a:

A. Malignant tumor.
B. Benign tumor.
C. Carcinoma in situ.
D. Sarcoma.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a traumatic brain injury develops Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). This results in:

A. Increased urine output and hypernatremia.
B. Decreased urine output and hyponatremia.
C. Normal fluid balance with hyperkalemia.
D. Fluid volume deficit and hypercalcemia.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a history of alcohol abuse develops liver cirrhosis. The pathological changes seen in cirrhosis are primarily characterized by:

A. Fatty infiltration with normal liver architecture.
B. Widespread fibrosis and nodule formation, disrupting liver structure and function.
C. Acute inflammation with viral replication.
D. Increased bile production.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with prolonged immobility develops a pressure injury. The primary mechanism of tissue damage in pressure injuries is:

A. Direct bacterial infection.
B. Friction and shear forces causing tissue deformation and ischemia.
C. Allergic reaction to bedding material.
D. Excessive moisture leading to maceration.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe bacterial infection develops systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and then progresses to septic shock. The key pathophysiological event in septic shock is:

A. Massive vasodilation and increased capillary permeability due to inflammatory mediators.
B. Direct myocardial tissue damage.
C. Pulmonary embolism.
D. Hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develops anemia. The most common pathophysiological reason for this is:

A. Increased red blood cell destruction.
B. Decreased iron absorption in the gut.
C. Impaired production of erythropoietin by the kidneys.
D. Excessive blood loss through dialysis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient experiences a sudden onset of chest pain described as “crushing” and radiating to the left arm. This pain is caused by myocardial ischemia, which is a result of:

A. Decreased oxygen demand by the heart.
B. Inadequate oxygen supply to the myocardium.
C. Increased venous return to the heart.
D. Pulmonary hypertension.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

During the inflammatory response, the primary purpose of vasodilation is to:

A. Decrease blood flow to the injured area.
B. Reduce capillary permeability.
C. Increase blood flow to the injured area, facilitating delivery of immune cells.
D. Constrict arterioles to limit swelling.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus develops diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The primary underlying pathophysiological mechanism of DKA is:

A. Excessive insulin production leading to hypoglycemia.
B. Absolute or relative insulin deficiency leading to increased fat metabolism and ketone body formation.
C. Excessive fluid intake leading to hyponatremia.
D. Increased renal excretion of glucose without ketone production.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) after receiving a medication. This type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by:

A. IgG antibodies.
B. T-cytotoxic cells.
C. IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation.
D. Immune complexes.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

198. What technical term describes the measure of the “average” spread of data points from the mean, but adjusted for the sample size?

A. Standard deviation.
B. Variance.
C. Standard error of the mean.
D. Interquartile range.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

197. A critical situational public health study investigates the impact of a new policy, but the study design doesn’t account for other simultaneous changes in the environment that could also affect the outcome. What is the urgency for a biostatistician’s caution?

A. To attribute all changes to the new policy.
B. To urgently highlight the potential for confounding and the need to consider and, if possible, adjust for other concurrent changes.
C. To ignore other factors.
D. To assume the policy is the only cause.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

196. A medicinal study reports a 95% confidence interval for the hazard ratio (HR) from a survival analysis as (0.6,0.9). What critical interpretation can be made?

A. The drug increases the hazard of the event.
B. The drug decreases the hazard of the event, and the result is statistically significant as the interval does not include 1.0.
C. The drug has no effect.
D. The hazard ratio is too high.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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