Practice Questions

83. A new vaccine is developed. What medicinal epidemiological measure is used to quantify the reduction in disease risk among vaccinated individuals compared to unvaccinated individuals?

A. Relative Risk.
B. Odds Ratio.
C. Vaccine Efficacy (or Vaccine Effectiveness in real-world).
D. Attributable Risk.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

81. A hospital experiences a sudden cluster of surgical site infections with a multi-drug resistant organism. What is the urgent epidemiological action?

A. Immediately close the operating rooms indefinitely.
B. Initiate an infection control investigation, implement enhanced hygiene protocols, and identify common exposures among affected patients.
C. Inform only the patients who developed infections.
D. Blame individual surgeons for poor technique.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

80. In clinical screening programs, a high Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is important. What epidemiological factor critically influences PPV?

A. Disease prevalence in the population.
B. Test sensitivity.
C. Test specificity.
D. Randomization.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

79. A large cross-sectional study finds a strong correlation between lack of sleep and poor academic performance among college students. What critical limitation exists in inferring causation?

A. The study was too small.
B. The temporal sequence between lack of sleep and poor performance cannot be established.
C. Students were not randomized.
D. The study was too expensive.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

77. What technical term describes the proportion of individuals in a population who die from a specific disease among all cases of that disease?

A. Crude death rate.
B. Specific mortality rate.
C. Case-fatality rate.
D. Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL).
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

76. A widespread outbreak of food poisoning linked to a specific restaurant is reported. What is the urgent epidemiological intervention?

A. Advise people to avoid all restaurants.
B. Issue an immediate public health warning about the specific restaurant and advise affected individuals to seek medical care.
C. Wait for the restaurant to voluntarily close.
D. Only investigate individual cases.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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