Practice Questions

A patient with a history of smoking develops metaplasia in the bronchial epithelium. This is a reversible change where:

A. Cells decrease in size.
B. Cells increase in number.
C. One mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type. ✓
D. Cells become disorganized and abnormal.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops an abscess after a bacterial infection. The type of necrosis characterized by enzymatic lysis of cells and formation of pus is:

A. Coagulative necrosis.
B. Liquefactive necrosis. ✓
C. Caseous necrosis.
D. Fat necrosis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with chronic stress may experience impaired wound healing due to the prolonged effects of:

A. Insulin.
B. Cortisol. ✓
C. Growth hormone.
D. Estrogen.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with hypoparathyroidism develops hypocalcemia. This is characterized by:

A. Bone pain and kidney stones.
B. Muscle weakness and lethargy.
C. Tetany, muscle spasms, and positive Chvostek's sign. ✓
D. Constipation.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with an X-linked recessive disorder typically passes the trait from:

A. Father to son.
B. Mother to daughter.
C. Affected mother to all children.
D. Carrier mother to affected son. ✓
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe bacterial infection develops a widespread rash. This is an example of which type of immune response?

A. Localized inflammation.
B. Systemic manifestation of inflammation. ✓
C. Cellular adaptation.
D. Genetic defect.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus develops microvascular complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy. These complications are primarily due to:

A. Acute hyperglycemia.
B. Damage to small blood vessels by chronic hyperglycemia. ✓
C. Hypoglycemia.
D. Protein deficiency.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a chronic wound experiences wound contraction. This process is mediated by:

A. Fibroblasts only.
B. Myofibroblasts. ✓
C. Macrophages.
D. Epithelial cells.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with heart failure experiences dyspnea on exertion. The primary mechanism causing dyspnea in heart failure is:

A. Decreased oxygen demand.
B. Pulmonary congestion and impaired gas exchange. ✓
C. Bronchospasm.
D. Metabolic acidosis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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