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Introduction To Biostatistics

195 questions found

Practice Questions

34. A clinical research paper states that a new intervention significantly reduced patient recovery time (p < 0.05). However, the reduction was only 10 minutes. What critical biostatistical distinction is important here?

A. Statistical significance always implies clinical significance.
B. Statistical significance does not always imply clinical significance. ✓
C. The study had too many participants.
D. The p-value is too low.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

35. A medicinal company is designing a study to assess the effect of a drug on a binary outcome (e.g., disease remission). What technical regression model is commonly used for this type of outcome?

A. Simple linear regression.
B. Multiple linear regression.
C. Logistic regression. ✓
D. Poisson regression.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

36. A situational study collected data on patients’ smoking status (current, former, never) and their risk of developing lung cancer (yes/no). What technical type of graphical display would best show the distribution of smoking status?

A. Histogram.
B. Scatter plot.
C. Bar chart. ✓
D. Line graph.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

37. What technical term describes the process of drawing conclusions about a population based on data from a sample?

A. Descriptive statistics.
B. Inferential statistics. ✓
C. Data visualization.
D. Data collection.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

38. A clinical researcher observes that patients with a certain disease are more likely to have a particular symptom. To test if this association is statistically significant for categorical data, which technical test is most appropriate?

A. Independent samples t-test.
B. Paired t-test.
C. Chi-square test of independence. ✓
D. One-way ANOVA.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

39. A medicinal trial concludes that a new drug is effective based on a p-value less than 0.05. However, there was a high loss to follow-up among participants. What critical biostatistical concern arises?

A. The p-value is too high.
B. The study had too much power.
C. Loss to follow-up can introduce bias and threaten the internal validity of the study. ✓
D. The drug is definitely effective.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

40. In a critical situational context, a statistician identifies that a dataset contains significant missing values, particularly for a key outcome variable. What is the urgency from a biostatistical perspective?

A. To immediately impute all missing values.
B. To investigate the pattern of missingness and assess its potential impact on bias and the validity of results. ✓
C. To ignore the missing values if they are less than 5%.
D. To discard all records with missing values.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

41. A technical standard deviation of 0 indicates that all data points in a dataset are:

A. Widely dispersed.
B. Identical. ✓
C. Normally distributed.
D. Heavily skewed.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

42. In a clinical study comparing two treatments, a researcher wants to control for baseline differences in patient age. What technical statistical technique can be used in the analysis to adjust for confounding variables like age?

A. Simple linear regression.
B. Multiple linear regression. ✓
C. T-test.
D. Chi-square test.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

43. A medicinal study is testing a new drug for a rare disease. What critical challenge does the rarity of the disease pose for sample size calculation?

A. It makes it easier to recruit participants.
B. It often necessitates a very large sample size to detect a meaningful effect, which can be challenging to achieve. ✓
C. Sample size is irrelevant for rare diseases.
D. It means the drug will always be effective.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

44. A situational public health researcher wants to compare the mean birth weight of infants born to mothers in two different socioeconomic groups. Which technical statistical test is most appropriate?

A. Paired t-test.
B. Chi-square test.
C. Independent samples t-test. ✓
D. One-way ANOVA.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

45. What technical term describes the value that divides a dataset into two equal halves, when the data are ordered from least to greatest?

A. Mean.
B. Mode.
C. Median. ✓
D. Standard deviation.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

31. A medicinal study compares a new drug to a standard treatment. The confidence interval for the difference in mean effectiveness includes zero. What is the critical interpretation of this result?

A. The new drug is definitely better.
B. There is no statistically significant difference between the two treatments. ✓
C. The standard treatment is better.
D. The study is invalid.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

32. A situational public health campaign wants to estimate the average daily intake of sodium in a specific population. Which measure of central tendency would be most susceptible to influence by a few individuals with extremely high sodium intake?

A. Median.
B. Mode.
C. Mean. ✓
D. Interquartile range.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

17. A study aims to estimate the average height of adult males in a country. A random sample of 1000 males is taken. The sample mean height is calculated. This sample mean is an example of a:

A. Parameter.
B. Population.
C. Statistic. ✓
D. Hypothesis.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

18. A clinical trial randomly assigns patients to either a new treatment or a placebo. The primary outcome is survival time. Which technical analytical method is typically used to analyze this type of data?

A. T-test.
B. Chi-square test.
C. Linear regression.
D. Survival analysis (e.g., Kaplan-Meier or Cox regression). ✓
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

19. A medicinal researcher sets a significance level (alpha) of 0.05 for their hypothesis test. What is the technical meaning of this alpha level?

A. The probability of making a Type II error.
B. The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis.
C. The maximum acceptable probability of making a Type I error (false positive). ✓
D. The power of the test.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

20. In a critical situational context, a research paper reports a new finding, but the methods section indicates that the researchers selected participants in a way that might introduce bias. What is the urgency for a biostatistician reviewing this paper?

A. To immediately accept the findings.
B. To critically evaluate the potential for selection bias and its impact on the validity of the results. ✓
C. To ignore the methods and focus only on the p-value.
D. To ask the researchers to collect more data.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

21. A researcher wants to compare the proportions of patients who experience a specific adverse event in two different drug treatment groups. Which technical statistical test is most appropriate?

A. Independent samples t-test.
B. Paired t-test.
C. Chi-square test of independence. ✓
D. One-way ANOVA.
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nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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