B.
Surgical debridement of necrotic tissue and broad-spectrum antibiotics to prevent sepsis.
✓
C.
Pain management only.
✓
A.
Decreased intracranial pressure.
✓
B.
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP), leading to brain herniation and neurological deterioration.
✓
C.
Improved cerebral blood flow.
✓
D.
Enhanced neurotransmission.
✓
A.
Normal immune function.
✓
B.
Severe immunosuppression due to CD4+ T cell depletion.
✓
C.
Hyperactive immune response.
✓
A.
Acute inflammation of the retina.
✓
B.
Microvascular damage and abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina due to chronic hyperglycemia.
✓
D.
Increased intraocular pressure.
✓
B.
Administration of bicarbonate (if severe) and addressing the underlying cause of AKI.
✓
A.
Vasodilation and decreased fluid retention.
✓
B.
Vasoconstriction, sodium and water retention, and cardiac remodeling, leading to worsening heart failure.
✓
C.
Improved cardiac contractility.
✓
D.
Decreased afterload.
✓
A.
Impaired gastric emptying.
✓
B.
Fibrosis and scarring of the esophageal wall.
✓
B.
Obstruction of pulmonary arterial blood flow, leading to V/Q mismatch and hypoxemia.
✓
C.
Alveolar inflammation.
✓
A.
Impaired renal excretion of acid.
✓
B.
Tissue hypoperfusion leading to anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid production.
✓
D.
Overproduction of ketone bodies.
✓
B.
Inflammation and damage to hepatocytes due to alcohol metabolism products.
✓
C.
Gallstone obstruction.
✓
A.
To administer oral antibiotics.
✓
B.
Immediate assessment for eligibility for reperfusion therapy (fibrinolysis or PCI) to minimize myocardial damage.
✓
C.
To administer pain medication only.
✓
D.
To observe and monitor.
✓
A.
Increased potassium excretion.
✓
B.
Shift of potassium from intracellular to extracellular space in exchange for hydrogen ions.
✓
C.
Decreased potassium intake.
✓
D.
Increased aldosterone.
✓
A.
Obstruction of the urinary tract.
✓
B.
Ischemic or nephrotoxic injury to renal tubular cells.
✓
C.
Reduced renal perfusion.
✓
D.
Glomerular inflammation.
✓
B.
Immediate administration of IV diuretics and vasodilators to reduce preload and afterload and improve cardiac function.
✓
D.
Only oxygen therapy.
✓
B.
Diabetic foot infection, often with osteomyelitis, requiring urgent antibiotic treatment and debridement.
✓
D.
Venous insufficiency.
✓
A.
Direct bacterial infection.
✓
B.
Immune complex deposition in the glomeruli.
✓
A.
Increased cardiac output.
✓
B.
Inadequate cardiac output to meet metabolic demands of peripheral tissues.
✓
C.
Increased red blood cell count.
✓
D.
Enhanced oxygen delivery.
✓
A.
Oral antiarrhythmics.
✓
B.
Immediate defibrillation and CPR.
✓
A.
Increased erythropoietin production.
✓
B.
Decreased erythropoietin production by the damaged kidneys.
✓
D.
Vitamin B12 deficiency.
✓
