A.
Increased cerebral blood flow.
✓
B.
Cerebral vasoconstriction due to decreased PCO2? and decreased ionized calcium.
✓
C.
Decreased oxygen levels.
✓
D.
Increased heart rate.
✓
A.
To increase spontaneous breathing.
✓
B.
To improve alveolar ventilation and oxygenation, and reduce the work of breathing.
✓
C.
To cause bronchoconstriction.
✓
D.
To prevent fluid accumulation.
✓
A.
Peripheral neuropathy.
✓
B.
Bacterial colonization and vegetation on heart valves, potentially leading to septic emboli and systemic infection.
✓
C.
Autoimmune response.
✓
D.
Valvular calcification.
✓
B.
Pyelonephritis (upper UTI), requiring urgent antibiotic treatment to prevent kidney damage and sepsis.
✓
B.
Administration of hyperosmolar agents (e.g., mannitol) or hypertonic saline to reduce cerebral edema.
✓
A.
Antihistamine effect.
✓
B.
Vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, and decreased mediator release from mast cells.
✓
C.
Corticosteroid effect.
✓
D.
Direct mast cell stabilization.
✓
A.
Rapid ventricular filling in a dilated ventricle.
✓
B.
Atrial contraction against a stiff, non-compliant ventricle.
✓
C.
Valvular regurgitation.
✓
D.
Pericardial friction rub.
✓
A.
Left-sided heart failure.
✓
B.
Cor pulmonale (right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension).
✓
A.
Neutralizes gastric acid.
✓
B.
Irreversibly blocks the H+/K+-ATPase pump in gastric parietal cells, reducing acid secretion.
✓
C.
Forms a protective barrier over the ulcer.
✓
D.
Increases mucus production.
✓
A.
To immediately start dialysis.
✓
B.
To identify and urgently correct the underlying cause of hypoperfusion (e.g., fluid resuscitation, improving cardiac output).
✓
C.
To administer loop diuretics.
✓
D.
To prescribe antibiotics.
✓
A.
To rule out pneumonia.
✓
B.
To identify acute exacerbation of heart failure, often due to valvular dysfunction, requiring urgent medical management.
✓
D.
To evaluate for allergic reaction.
✓
A.
Myocardial infarction.
✓
C.
Aortic dissection, requiring urgent surgical consultation and blood pressure control.
✓
A.
Increased bone density.
✓
B.
Reduced bone density and structural integrity, leading to increased fracture risk.
✓
C.
Increased bone formation.
✓
D.
Normal bone remodeling.
✓
B.
Intrinsic (intra-renal) AKI.
✓
D.
Chronic kidney disease.
✓
B.
To increase CO2? excretion to compensate for the metabolic acidosis.
✓
C.
To increase oxygen intake.
✓
D.
To decrease respiratory rate.
✓
A.
To reduce heart rate.
✓
B.
To increase systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure to improve tissue perfusion.
✓
C.
To decrease cardiac output.
✓
D.
To increase urine output.
✓
A.
Acute inflammation of nerve endings.
✓
B.
Damage to nerve fibers due to chronic hyperglycemia and microvascular complications.
✓
C.
Demyelination due to autoimmune attack.
✓
D.
Compression of spinal nerves.
✓
A.
Atrial contraction against a stiff ventricle.
✓
B.
Rapid ventricular filling in a dilated and failing ventricle.
✓
D.
Pericardial friction rub.
✓
B.
Conservative management with NPO, IV fluids, and nasogastric tube until bowel function returns.
✓
D.
Administration of opioids only.
✓
