A.
Localized inflammation.
✓
B.
Systemic inflammatory response to pancreatic enzymes, leading to widespread organ damage.
✓
B.
Decreased intravascular volume, leading to reduced preload, cardiac output, and tissue perfusion.
✓
C.
Increased cardiac contractility.
✓
D.
Increased systemic vascular resistance.
✓
B.
Increased bicarbonate levels (e.g., due to vomiting or diuretic use) or excessive acid loss.
✓
C.
Decreased production of lactic acid.
✓
D.
Excessive loss of CO2?.
✓
A.
Reduced renal perfusion.
✓
B.
Direct damage to kidney tubules.
✓
C.
Obstruction of urinary outflow from the kidneys.
✓
D.
Glomerular inflammation.
✓
A.
Oral antibiotics and observation.
✓
B.
Immediate administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and vasopressors to restore tissue perfusion.
✓
D.
Oxygen therapy only.
✓
A.
Autoimmune inflammation.
✓
B.
Deposition of uric acid crystals in the joint, leading to an inflammatory response.
✓
C.
Bacterial infection.
✓
D.
Degeneration of articular cartilage.
✓
A.
Improved cardiac output.
✓
B.
Increased myocardial oxygen demand and impaired contractility, leading to progressive worsening of heart failure.
✓
D.
Enhanced relaxation.
✓
A.
To delay treatment until full recovery.
✓
B.
Immediate assessment for eligibility for thrombolytic therapy (tPA) to restore blood flow and minimize brain damage.
✓
C.
To administer antiplatelet agents only.
✓
D.
To observe and monitor.
✓
A.
Increased renal filtration.
✓
B.
Impaired renal excretion of sodium and water.
✓
C.
Decreased fluid intake.
✓
D.
Increased protein intake.
✓
B.
Anticoagulant-associated gastrointestinal bleeding.
✓
D.
Irritable bowel syndrome.
✓
A.
To treat symptomatic UTI.
✓
B.
To identify and urgently treat pyelonephritis (kidney infection) to prevent sepsis and kidney damage.
✓
C.
To advise increased fluid intake.
✓
D.
To perform a urinalysis.
✓
A.
Loss of motor function.
✓
B.
Exaggerated sympathetic response to noxious stimuli below the level of injury, due to impaired autonomic regulation.
✓
C.
Peripheral nerve damage.
✓
D.
Brainstem compression.
✓
A.
Decreased production of lactic acid.
✓
B.
Excessive elimination of CO2? from the lungs.
✓
C.
Increased bicarbonate reabsorption.
✓
D.
Overproduction of ketone bodies.
✓
A.
Decreases blood pressure.
✓
B.
Breaks down fibrin clots, restoring blood flow to ischemic brain tissue.
✓
C.
Prevents platelet aggregation.
✓
D.
Increases cerebral blood flow by vasodilation.
✓
A.
Increases potassium excretion.
✓
B.
Drives potassium intracellularly.
✓
C.
Blocks potassium channels.
✓
D.
Promotes potassium reabsorption.
✓
A.
Administering oral antibiotics.
✓
B.
Immediate reperfusion therapy (fibrinolysis or PCI) for acute myocardial infarction.
✓
C.
Administering pain medication only.
✓
A.
Increased production of surfactant.
✓
B.
IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation and release of bronchoconstrictive mediators (e.g., histamine, leukotrienes).
✓
C.
Activation of macrophages.
✓
D.
Inhibition of smooth muscle contraction.
✓
A.
Fungal infection of the peritoneum.
✓
B.
Translocation of gut bacteria into the ascitic fluid.
✓
D.
Autoimmune inflammation.
✓
A.
To lower blood pressure slowly over days.
✓
B.
To reduce blood pressure promptly but carefully to prevent end-organ damage.
✓
C.
To administer oral diuretics only.
✓
D.
To observe without intervention.
✓
