MCQs

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Practice Questions

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus develops microvascular complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy. These complications are primarily due to:

A. Acute hyperglycemia.
B. Damage to small blood vessels by chronic hyperglycemia.
C. Hypoglycemia.
D. Protein deficiency.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a chronic wound experiences wound contraction. This process is mediated by:

A. Fibroblasts only.
B. Myofibroblasts.
C. Macrophages.
D. Epithelial cells.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with heart failure experiences dyspnea on exertion. The primary mechanism causing dyspnea in heart failure is:

A. Decreased oxygen demand.
B. Pulmonary congestion and impaired gas exchange.
C. Bronchospasm.
D. Metabolic acidosis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a history of alcoholism develops fatty liver disease. This is an example of which type of cellular accumulation?

A. Pigment accumulation.
B. Protein accumulation.
C. Lipid accumulation.
D. Glycogen accumulation.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient is diagnosed with a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction. This reaction is characterized by:

A. Immediate IgE-mediated response.
B. Antibody-mediated cell destruction.
C. Immune complex deposition.
D. Delayed T-cell mediated response.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe infection develops lactic acidosis. This is caused by:

A. Increased oxygen delivery to tissues.
B. Anaerobic metabolism due to tissue hypoxia.
C. Excessive bicarbonate production.
D. Hyperventilation.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops hypercalcemia. Which of the following is a common cause of hypercalcemia?

A. Hypoparathyroidism.
B. Malignancy and hyperparathyroidism.
C. Chronic kidney disease.
D. Vitamin D deficiency.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a genetic mutation has a deficiency in a specific enzyme, leading to the accumulation of a toxic substance. This is an example of a:

A. Chromosomal abnormality.
B. Single gene disorder.
C. Multifactorial disorder.
D. Environmental injury.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a chronic inflammatory condition develops amyloidosis. This involves:

A. Abnormal protein deposits in various organs.
B. Excessive fat accumulation in the liver.
C. Calcium deposits in soft tissues.
D. Iron overload in the blood.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with severe burns develops hypovolemic shock. The primary fluid shift contributing to this type of shock is:

A. Fluid moving from the interstitial space into the intravascular space.
B. Fluid moving from the intravascular space into the interstitial space (third spacing).
C. Intracellular fluid moving into the extracellular space.
D. Fluid moving from the extracellular space into the intracellular space.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a spinal cord injury develops autonomic dysreflexia. This life-threatening condition is characterized by:

A. Widespread vasodilation and hypotension.
B. Uncontrolled sympathetic overactivity below the level of injury in response to noxious stimuli.
C. Bradycardia and warm, dry skin.
D. Hypoglycemia.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops a tumor marker, such as CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), in their blood. Tumor markers are primarily used for:

A. Diagnosing cancer definitively.
B. Screening healthy individuals for cancer.
C. Monitoring response to cancer treatment or recurrence.
D. Predicting the exact origin of cancer.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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