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Practice Questions

39. A medicinal trial concludes that a new drug is effective based on a p-value less than 0.05. However, there was a high loss to follow-up among participants. What critical biostatistical concern arises?

A. The p-value is too high.
B. The study had too much power.
C. Loss to follow-up can introduce bias and threaten the internal validity of the study. ✓
D. The drug is definitely effective.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

37. What technical term describes the process of drawing conclusions about a population based on data from a sample?

A. Descriptive statistics.
B. Inferential statistics. ✓
C. Data visualization.
D. Data collection.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

34. A clinical research paper states that a new intervention significantly reduced patient recovery time (p < 0.05). However, the reduction was only 10 minutes. What critical biostatistical distinction is important here?

A. Statistical significance always implies clinical significance.
B. Statistical significance does not always imply clinical significance. ✓
C. The study had too many participants.
D. The p-value is too low.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

33. A researcher reports that a study had a power of 0.80. What does this technical term mean?

A. The probability of making a Type I error is 20%.
B. The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false is 80%. ✓
C. The probability of making a Type II error is 80%.
D. The significance level is 0.20.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

31. A medicinal study compares a new drug to a standard treatment. The confidence interval for the difference in mean effectiveness includes zero. What is the critical interpretation of this result?

A. The new drug is definitely better.
B. There is no statistically significant difference between the two treatments. ✓
C. The standard treatment is better.
D. The study is invalid.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

29. The Central Limit Theorem is technically important in biostatistics because it states that, for large sample sizes, the sampling distribution of the sample mean will approximate a:

A. Binomial distribution.
B. Poisson distribution.
C. Normal distribution, regardless of the population distribution. ✓
D. Uniform distribution.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

27. A medicinal study is designed to compare the effect of a new drug versus placebo on a continuous outcome. If a large standard deviation is observed in the preliminary data, what critical implication does this have for the required sample size?

A. A smaller sample size will be needed.
B. A larger sample size will be needed to detect a statistically significant difference. ✓
C. The standard deviation is irrelevant to sample size.
D. The study should be abandoned.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

25. A researcher performs a hypothesis test and obtains a p-value of 0.08. If the significance level is 0.05, what is the technical conclusion?

A. Reject the null hypothesis.
B. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. ✓
C. Accept the alternative hypothesis.
D. The result is statistically significant.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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