B.
Positive Predictive Value.
✓
D.
Negative Predictive Value.
✓
A.
Association proves causation.
✓
B.
The possibility of confounding or reverse causation, requiring careful interpretation and further research.
✓
C.
Coffee consumption must be immediately banned.
✓
D.
The finding is definitive and requires no further study.
✓
A.
Pre-clinical testing.
✓
B.
Phase I clinical trials.
✓
B.
Cross-sectional study.
✓
D.
Randomized controlled trial.
✓
A.
Start treating all attendees with antibiotics.
✓
B.
Interview affected individuals to identify common exposures, particularly food items.
✓
C.
Close down all restaurants in the city.
✓
D.
Issue a general warning about food safety.
✓
A.
Individual patient isolation is sufficient.
✓
B.
The concept of herd immunity and vaccination strategies.
✓
C.
That the disease will naturally burn out.
✓
D.
Only treating severe cases will halt spread.
✓
A.
To establish the safety of the drug in a small group.
✓
B.
To assess the drug's efficacy and safety against a placebo or standard treatment in a large, diverse patient population.
✓
C.
To determine the drug's mechanism of action.
✓
D.
To compare the drug to an alternative therapy already on the market.
✓
A.
The air filter doubles the risk of lung cancer.
✓
B.
The air filter halves the risk of lung cancer.
✓
C.
The air filter has no effect on lung cancer risk.
✓
D.
The air filter increases the risk of lung cancer by 50%.
✓
A.
Wait for more data to accumulate.
✓
B.
Initiate an immediate outbreak investigation to identify the source and mode of transmission.
✓
C.
Recommend personal protective equipment for all residents.
✓
D.
Focus on individual patient treatment.
✓
