B.
Inability to establish temporality (which came first, stress or heart disease).
✓
A.
Exposure to the chemical triples the risk of the disease.
✓
B.
Individuals with the disease are three times more likely to have been exposed to the chemical than those without the disease.
✓
C.
Exposure to the chemical reduces the risk of the disease.
✓
D.
There is no association.
✓
C.
Evidence-based medicine.
✓
D.
Traditional medicine.
✓
B.
Confounding by a common factor (e.g., hot weather).
✓
A.
The drug should be immediately withdrawn from the market without further investigation.
✓
B.
A signal has been detected, prompting further investigation, possibly leading to a black box warning or withdrawal.
✓
C.
The finding is likely due to chance and can be ignored.
✓
D.
The drug is still safe for all patients.
✓
B.
Prevalence Ratio (PR).
✓
D.
Attributable Risk (AR).
✓
A.
Wait for laboratory confirmation from all cases.
✓
B.
Immediately contact affected individuals to gather information on exposures and potential common sources.
✓
C.
Issue a general health warning without specific details.
✓
D.
Focus solely on treating individual patients.
✓
