B.
Blinding (single or double).
✓
A.
It is a definitive causal link.
✓
B.
This is an ecological study, prone to the ecological fallacy, where group-level associations may not apply to individuals.
✓
C.
The sample size is too small.
✓
D.
There are too many variables.
✓
C.
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).
✓
D.
Cross-sectional study.
✓
A.
Passive surveillance.
✓
B.
Active surveillance.
✓
C.
Sentinel surveillance.
✓
D.
Syndromic surveillance.
✓
B.
Positive Predictive Value.
✓
D.
Negative Predictive Value.
✓
A.
Association proves causation.
✓
B.
The possibility of confounding or reverse causation, requiring careful interpretation and further research.
✓
C.
Coffee consumption must be immediately banned.
✓
D.
The finding is definitive and requires no further study.
✓
A.
Pre-clinical testing.
✓
B.
Phase I clinical trials.
✓
B.
Cross-sectional study.
✓
D.
Randomized controlled trial.
✓
A.
Start treating all attendees with antibiotics.
✓
B.
Interview affected individuals to identify common exposures, particularly food items.
✓
C.
Close down all restaurants in the city.
✓
D.
Issue a general warning about food safety.
✓
