Practice Questions

A patient with asthma experiences an acute exacerbation. The primary pathophysiological changes in the airways during an asthma attack include:

A. Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and decreased mucus production.
B. Bronchospasm, airway inflammation, and increased mucus production.
C. Destruction of alveolar walls.
D. Fluid accumulation in the pleural space.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a stroke is diagnosed with an ischemic stroke. The primary pathophysiological event causing this type of stroke is:

A. Rupture of a cerebral blood vessel.
B. An embolus or thrombus obstructing cerebral blood flow.
C. Vasospasm of cerebral arteries.
D. Hypoxia due to respiratory failure.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of which cells in the pancreas?

A. Alpha cells.
B. Beta cells.
C. Delta cells.
D. Acinar cells.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient experiences severe vomiting and diarrhea. The nurse anticipates the development of which acid-base imbalance?

A. Respiratory acidosis.
B. Metabolic acidosis.
C. Respiratory alkalosis.
D. Metabolic alkalosis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

In the process of carcinogenesis, “initiation” refers to:

A. The rapid proliferation of genetically altered cells.
B. The irreversible genetic alteration of a cell by a carcinogen.
C. The spread of cancer cells to distant sites.
D. The formation of a visible tumor.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops a tumor that is encapsulated, well-differentiated, and does not metastasize. This describes a:

A. Malignant tumor.
B. Benign tumor.
C. Carcinoma in situ.
D. Sarcoma.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a traumatic brain injury develops Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). This results in:

A. Increased urine output and hypernatremia.
B. Decreased urine output and hyponatremia.
C. Normal fluid balance with hyperkalemia.
D. Fluid volume deficit and hypercalcemia.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a history of alcohol abuse develops liver cirrhosis. The pathological changes seen in cirrhosis are primarily characterized by:

A. Fatty infiltration with normal liver architecture.
B. Widespread fibrosis and nodule formation, disrupting liver structure and function.
C. Acute inflammation with viral replication.
D. Increased bile production.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with prolonged immobility develops a pressure injury. The primary mechanism of tissue damage in pressure injuries is:

A. Direct bacterial infection.
B. Friction and shear forces causing tissue deformation and ischemia.
C. Allergic reaction to bedding material.
D. Excessive moisture leading to maceration.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe bacterial infection develops systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and then progresses to septic shock. The key pathophysiological event in septic shock is:

A. Massive vasodilation and increased capillary permeability due to inflammatory mediators.
B. Direct myocardial tissue damage.
C. Pulmonary embolism.
D. Hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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