Practice Questions

Animal viruses commonly enter through receptor-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion.

DNA or RNA nature is a fundamental basis for viral classification.

Most bacteriophages inject nucleic acid while the capsid remains outside.

The capsid safeguards viral nucleic acid against environmental damage.

HPV infects epithelial cells and may lead to warts and certain cancers.

Frequent mutations enable influenza viruses to evade immune responses.

Naked viruses contain only nucleic acid and capsid without an envelope.

Viral components are assembled into mature infectious particles.

Viral attachment proteins must recognize host cell receptors.

HIV infects CD4+ T helper lymphocytes leading to immune deficiency.