Practice Questions

A patient experiences a sudden onset of chest pain described as “crushing” and radiating to the left arm. This pain is caused by myocardial ischemia, which is a result of:

A. Decreased oxygen demand by the heart.
B. Inadequate oxygen supply to the myocardium.
C. Increased venous return to the heart.
D. Pulmonary hypertension.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

During the inflammatory response, the primary purpose of vasodilation is to:

A. Decrease blood flow to the injured area.
B. Reduce capillary permeability.
C. Increase blood flow to the injured area, facilitating delivery of immune cells.
D. Constrict arterioles to limit swelling.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus develops diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The primary underlying pathophysiological mechanism of DKA is:

A. Excessive insulin production leading to hypoglycemia.
B. Absolute or relative insulin deficiency leading to increased fat metabolism and ketone body formation.
C. Excessive fluid intake leading to hyponatremia.
D. Increased renal excretion of glucose without ketone production.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) after receiving a medication. This type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by:

A. IgG antibodies.
B. T-cytotoxic cells.
C. IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation.
D. Immune complexes.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

198. What technical term describes the measure of the “average” spread of data points from the mean, but adjusted for the sample size?

A. Standard deviation.
B. Variance.
C. Standard error of the mean.
D. Interquartile range.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

197. A critical situational public health study investigates the impact of a new policy, but the study design doesn’t account for other simultaneous changes in the environment that could also affect the outcome. What is the urgency for a biostatistician’s caution?

A. To attribute all changes to the new policy.
B. To urgently highlight the potential for confounding and the need to consider and, if possible, adjust for other concurrent changes.
C. To ignore other factors.
D. To assume the policy is the only cause.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

196. A medicinal study reports a 95% confidence interval for the hazard ratio (HR) from a survival analysis as (0.6,0.9). What critical interpretation can be made?

A. The drug increases the hazard of the event.
B. The drug decreases the hazard of the event, and the result is statistically significant as the interval does not include 1.0.
C. The drug has no effect.
D. The hazard ratio is too high.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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