Practice Questions

A patient with chronic stress experiences prolonged activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to increased cortisol levels. This can result in:

A. Enhanced immune function.
B. Decreased blood glucose levels.
C. Impaired immune function and increased risk of infection. ✓
D. Improved sleep patterns.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops a keloid scar after surgery. This is an example of dysfunctional wound healing characterized by:

A. Normal scar formation.
B. Excessive collagen formation, extending beyond the original wound boundaries. ✓
C. Incomplete wound closure.
D. Decreased tensile strength.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with iron deficiency anemia has impaired oxygen-carrying capacity due to a deficiency in:

A. White blood cells.
B. Hemoglobin synthesis. ✓
C. Platelet production.
D. Plasma volume.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe infection develops acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The primary pathological feature of ARDS is:

A. Bronchospasm.
B. Massive pulmonary edema and severe hypoxemia due to capillary-alveolar membrane damage. ✓
C. Chronic airway inflammation.
D. Alveolar wall destruction.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient experiences edema due to decreased plasma albumin levels. This is caused by:

A. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure. ✓
C. Increased lymphatic drainage.
D. Increased arterial blood flow.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe burn develops an infection. The burn wound healing process is often complicated by which type of intention?

A. Primary intention.
B. Secondary intention. ✓
C. Tertiary intention.
D. First intention.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a long history of smoking develops chronic bronchitis, a form of COPD. The primary pathological change in chronic bronchitis is:

A. Alveolar wall destruction.
B. Airway inflammation, mucus gland hyperplasia, and excessive mucus production. ✓
C. Reversible bronchospasm.
D. Decreased peripheral airway resistance.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with chronic heart failure has a reduced ejection fraction. This indicates:

A. The heart pumps blood efficiently.
B. The heart's pumping ability is decreased. ✓
C. The heart valves are narrowed.
D. The patient is experiencing fluid volume deficit.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe infection develops leukocytosis. This refers to an increase in the number of:

A. Red blood cells.
B. Platelets.
C. White blood cells. ✓
D. Plasma proteins.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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