A.
Increasing the sample size.
✓
B.
Randomization (if experimental) or matching in observational studies.
✓
C.
Using a different outcome measure.
✓
D.
Ignoring age altogether.
✓
A.
Cohort study (following all attendees for symptoms).
✓
B.
Case-control study (comparing food exposures among ill and well attendees).
✓
C.
Cross-sectional study.
✓
B.
Pre-symptomatic stage.
✓
B.
Number Needed to Treat (NNT).
✓
C.
Relative Risk Reduction (RRR).
✓
D.
Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR).
✓
B.
Strength of association.
✓
C.
Positive Predictive Value (PPV).
✓
D.
Negative Predictive Value (NPV).
✓
A.
Treat the child and send them back to school.
✓
B.
Isolate the child, notify public health, and initiate immediate contact tracing and prophylactic treatment/vaccination for contacts.
✓
C.
Wait for other cases to appear before acting.
✓
D.
Only treat the child's symptoms.
✓
A.
The drug is definitely ineffective.
✓
B.
The study lacked sufficient power to detect a true effect, or the drug truly has no significant effect.
✓
C.
The drug is safe and effective.
✓
D.
The placebo effect was too strong.
✓
A.
Strength of association.
✓
D.
Dose-response relationship.
✓
C.
Positive Predictive Value.
✓
D.
Negative Predictive Value.
✓
A.
Treating the individual patient is the only concern.
✓
B.
Immediate notification of public health authorities to investigate the source and prevent further cases.
✓
C.
Waiting for lab confirmation before any action.
✓
D.
Discharging the patient with antibiotics.
✓
A.
Long-term safety and effectiveness in a large population.
✓
B.
Preliminary efficacy, dosage range, and short-term side effects in a small number of patients with the target condition.
✓
C.
Safety in healthy volunteers.
✓
D.
Post-marketing surveillance.
✓
A.
The result is highly precise.
✓
B.
The result is statistically significant, but the effect estimate is imprecise and less reliable.
✓
C.
The study was poorly designed.
✓
D.
There is no association.
✓
C.
Positive Predictive Value.
✓
D.
Negative Predictive Value.
✓
A.
Close the hospital immediately.
✓
B.
Implement infection control measures, isolate suspected cases, and initiate contact tracing within the hospital.
✓
C.
Wait for the cluster to spread to the general population.
✓
D.
Treat all healthcare workers prophylactically.
✓
