A.
Passive surveillance.
✓
B.
Active surveillance.
✓
C.
Sentinel surveillance.
✓
D.
Syndromic surveillance.
✓
C.
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).
✓
D.
Cross-sectional study.
✓
A.
It is a definitive causal link.
✓
B.
This is an ecological study, prone to the ecological fallacy, where group-level associations may not apply to individuals.
✓
C.
The sample size is too small.
✓
D.
There are too many variables.
✓
B.
Blinding (single or double).
✓
A.
Wait for laboratory confirmation from all cases.
✓
B.
Immediately contact affected individuals to gather information on exposures and potential common sources.
✓
C.
Issue a general health warning without specific details.
✓
D.
Focus solely on treating individual patients.
✓
B.
Prevalence Ratio (PR).
✓
D.
Attributable Risk (AR).
✓
A.
The drug should be immediately withdrawn from the market without further investigation.
✓
B.
A signal has been detected, prompting further investigation, possibly leading to a black box warning or withdrawal.
✓
C.
The finding is likely due to chance and can be ignored.
✓
D.
The drug is still safe for all patients.
✓
B.
Confounding by a common factor (e.g., hot weather).
✓
C.
Evidence-based medicine.
✓
D.
Traditional medicine.
✓
A.
Exposure to the chemical triples the risk of the disease.
✓
B.
Individuals with the disease are three times more likely to have been exposed to the chemical than those without the disease.
✓
C.
Exposure to the chemical reduces the risk of the disease.
✓
D.
There is no association.
✓
A.
Pre-clinical testing.
✓
B.
Phase I clinical trials.
✓
A.
Association proves causation.
✓
B.
The possibility of confounding or reverse causation, requiring careful interpretation and further research.
✓
C.
Coffee consumption must be immediately banned.
✓
D.
The finding is definitive and requires no further study.
✓
B.
Positive Predictive Value.
✓
D.
Negative Predictive Value.
✓
A.
Wait for more data to accumulate.
✓
B.
Initiate an immediate outbreak investigation to identify the source and mode of transmission.
✓
C.
Recommend personal protective equipment for all residents.
✓
D.
Focus on individual patient treatment.
✓
A.
The air filter doubles the risk of lung cancer.
✓
B.
The air filter halves the risk of lung cancer.
✓
C.
The air filter has no effect on lung cancer risk.
✓
D.
The air filter increases the risk of lung cancer by 50%.
✓
A.
To establish the safety of the drug in a small group.
✓
B.
To assess the drug's efficacy and safety against a placebo or standard treatment in a large, diverse patient population.
✓
C.
To determine the drug's mechanism of action.
✓
D.
To compare the drug to an alternative therapy already on the market.
✓
