A.
Anecdotal reports from patients.
✓
B.
Robust evidence of efficacy and safety from Phase III clinical trials.
✓
C.
Only pre-clinical animal studies.
✓
D.
Opinions from key opinion leaders.
✓
B.
Information bias (e.g., recall bias).
✓
B.
Statistical significance.
✓
A.
Advise people to avoid all social gatherings.
✓
B.
Conduct immediate interviews to identify common food items consumed and onset times to pinpoint the source.
✓
C.
Wait for all affected individuals to seek medical care.
✓
D.
Focus on environmental sanitation of the church premises.
✓
C.
Number Needed to Treat (NNT).
✓
D.
Attributable Risk (AR).
✓
B.
Difficulty in obtaining reliable historical exposure data.
✓
D.
Ethical concerns about randomization.
✓
A.
Isolate only the symptomatic children.
✓
B.
Implement immediate vaccination clinics and contact tracing to identify and isolate cases and unvaccinated contacts.
✓
C.
Close the school indefinitely.
✓
D.
Rely on natural immunity to control the outbreak.
✓
B.
Infant mortality rate.
✓
D.
Years of potential life lost.
✓
A.
Number Needed to Treat (NNT).
✓
B.
Relative Risk Reduction (RRR).
✓
C.
Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR).
✓
D.
Efficacy (or Vaccine Efficacy).
✓
A.
Immediately change dietary guidelines based on the study.
✓
B.
Evaluate the findings against Bradford Hill criteria for causation and consider potential confounding factors.
✓
C.
Disregard the study if it's not an RCT.
✓
D.
Assume the association is random.
✓
B.
Cross-sectional study.
✓
C.
Prospective cohort study.
✓
D.
Randomized controlled trial.
✓
A.
Treat the patient and send them home.
✓
B.
Immediately isolate the patient and notify public health authorities for contact tracing.
✓
C.
Wait for the disease to spread before notifying authorities.
✓
D.
Assume it's a common cold.
✓
B.
20/1,000 = 0.02 or 2%.
✓
B.
Selection bias (e.g., recall bias among cases).
✓
C.
Information bias (e.g., differential reporting).
✓
B.
Pre-clinical research.
✓
B.
Inability to establish temporality (which came first, stress or heart disease).
✓
